THE 
YOUNG  CITIZEN 


OLE 


D.C. HEATH    »    CO. 

bOSTON  —  NEW  YORK  — CHICAGO 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


OF 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 


THE  YOUNG  CITIZEN 


BY 


CHARLES   F.   DOLE 


AUTHOR   OF   "THE  AMERICAN   CITIZEN 


GREAT  SEAL 


NITED  STATES 


BOSTON,   U.S.A. 

D.  C.  HEATH   &   CO.,  PUBLISHERS 
1899 


COPYRIGHT,  1899, 
BY  D.   C.   HEATH  &  CO. 


J.  S.  Gushing  &  Co.  -  Berwick  &  Smith 
Norwood  Mass.  U.S.A. 


THIS    LITTLE  BOOK 

&$  UrtJicatrti 
TO  THE  BOYS  AND   GIRLS  OF  AMERICA 

INTO  WHOSE  KEEPING 
AS  CITIZENS  AND   PATRIOTS 

WILL   SOON    BE   GIVEN 
THE  WELFARE   OF  OUR   NATION 


141566 


PREFACE. 

THIS  little  book  is  intended  as  a  reader  for  the 
school  and  home.  The  author  believes  that  the  sub- 
jects which  it  treats  ought  to  be  easily  interesting  to 
boys  and  girls.  But  they  must  not  be  presented  as 
task  work.  It  would  defeat  the  purpose  of  the  book 
to  divide  it  into  lessons.  The  aim  of  the  parent  or 
teacher  should  be  to  awaken  the  natural  interest  of 
the  children  in  the  things  that  concern  the  city  and 
the  nation.  The  only  need  is  that  the  child  shall 
understand  what  he  reads.  Encourage  him  to  ask 
questions  and  to  talk  about  the  topics  treated  in  the 
book ;  also  to  report  and  describe  whatever  he  can 
see  with  his  own  eyes  or  learn  for  himself  about  any 
of  these  subjects.  Develop  his  sense  of  pleasure  in 
being  a  citizen  and  in  looking  forward  to  a  citizen's 
duties.  Encourage  especially  the  warm  ethical  and 
patriotic  feeling,  which  moves  instinctively  with  the 
growing  consciousness  of  the  child,  that  right  and 
wrong  are  involved  in  politics.  Let  him  see  the 
ideals  of  cleanliness,  public  safety,  prosperity,  and 
happiness,  for  the  attainment  of  which  governments 
exist,  and  he  will  never  easily  descend  to  base  and 
dishonorable  conduct.  Be  sure  that  he  grasps  the 

vii 


viii  Preface. 

idea  not  only  that  the  State  is  for  the  sake  of  the 
individual,  but  also  that  the  individual  lives  for  the 
State;  that  duties  go  with  rights;  that  there  is  no 
lasting  satisfaction  except  in  generous  and  public- 
spirited  conduct. 

The  author  owes  thanks  to  the  Hon.  Abram  S. 
Hewitt,  Ex-mayor  of  New  York.  His  earnest  and 
strongly  expressed  concern  in  behalf  of  the  multi- 
tudes of  the  children  of  his  own  city,  whose  circum- 
stances cut  them  off  from  completing  their  school 
course  or  taking  any  thorough  training  in  civics,  has 
been  a  helpful  incentive  in  preparing  this  book  with 
reference  to  the  need  which  Mr.  Hewitt  has  so  keenly 
felt.  The  devoted  efforts  of  Mr.  Wilson  L.  Gill,  Pres- 
ident of  the  Patriotic  League,  in  reference  to  the 
same  practical  end,  are  gratefully  recorded. 

A  series  of  questions  and  answers,  covering  the 
more  important  points  in  this  book,  and  prepared  by 
the  author,  is  published  under  the  same  name,  The 
Young  Citizen,  by  the  Patriotic  League,  No.  7  East 
1 6th  St.,  New  York  City.  It  will  be  helpful  to  use 
this  smaller  book  and  to  give -pupils  short  exercises, 
sometimes  in  answering  the  questions  in  their  own 
words,  and  sometimes  in  repeating  the  answers 
together. 

C.  F.  D. 

JAMAICA  PLAIN,  MASS.,  Feb.  i,  1899. 


FIGURE  HEAD  OF  THE   NIAGARA. 

It  is  an  old  custom  to  have  some  kind  of  ornament  upon  the 
prow  of  a  ship.  How  do  you  like  the  eagle  ?  Is  there  some- 
thing fine  or  noble  about  him  ? 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER    I. 

PAGE 

THE  THINGS  THAT  BELONG  TO  us  ALL  ....        3 

CHAPTER   II. 
WHAT  THE  CHILDREN  CAN  DO  FOR  THEIR  CITY     .        .        9 

CHAPTER   III. 
WHAT  SCHOOLS  AND  TEACHERS  ARE  FOR       .        .        .17 

CHAPTER   IV, 
AMERICAN  CITIZENS          .        .        .        .  .  25 


x  Table  of  Contents. 

CHAPTER   V. 

PAGE 

WHO  PATRIOTS  ARE  .  .      34 

CHAPTER   VI. 
DANGEROUS  PEOPLE         .  .        .  .46 

CHAPTER  VII 
TRAITORS          .  .  •      52 

CHAPTER   VIII. 
OUR  FRIENDS  OVER  THE  SEAS  .  .      58 

CHAPTER   IX. 
THE  LAWS  OF  THE  LAND 67 

CHAPTER  X. 
THE  POLICEMEN,  AND  WHAT  THEY  ARE  FOR  ...      73 

CHAPTER   XL 
THE  COURTS  AND  THE  JUDGES        .  ...      78 

CHAPTER  XII. 
OUR  PUBLIC  SERVANTS 86 

CHAPTER  XIII. 
THE  MAYOR,  OR  THE  HEAD  SERVANT     ....      93 


Table  of  Contents.  xi 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

PAGE 

THE  CITY  FATHERS,  OR  KEEPING  HOUSE  FOR  THE  PEOPLE     98 

CHAPTER  XV. 
THE  COUNTRY  PEOPLE     105 

CHAPTER  XVI. 
VOTING,  OR  CHOOSING  OUR  LEADERS 112 

CHAPTER  XVII. 
THE  PEOPLE'S  MONEY 121 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 
THE  TAXES,  OR  SHARING  AND  SHARING  ALIKE     .        .126 

CHAPTER  XIX. 
THE  CITY  BEAUTIFUL      .        .        .        .        .        .        .132 

CHAPTER  XX. 
A  MODEL  TOWN       ...  •     J39 

CHAPTER  XXI. 
OUR  STATE  AND  OUR  GOVERNOR     .  .        .     145 

CHAPTER  XXII. 
THE  HEAD  OF  THE  NATION 154 


PAGE 
.         I67 


xii  Table  of  Contents. 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 
THE  ARMY  AND  NAVY     . 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 
THE  ARMY  OF  PEACE      . 

CHAPTER  XXV. 
.  OUR  FLAG I9° 


LIST   OF    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAGE 

George  Washington     ......        Frontispiece 

Great  Seal  of  the  United  States Title-page 

Figure  Head  of  the  "Niagara" ix 

Equestrian  Statue  of  Washington xvi 

The  Public  Garden  and  Common,  Boston   ....        2 

Battery  Park  and  Governor's  Island,  New  York  ...         3 
A  New  Hampshire  School    .......        4 

Lamp-post  and  Fire-alarm  Signal  Box         ....        5 

Playing  Ball  on  Boston  Common 6 

Street  Cleaner .10 

The  Grand  Canon  of  the  Yellowstone 13 

Tennis  Courts,  Franklin  Park,  Boston          .        .         .        -15 

Steele  High  School,  Dayton,  Ohio 18 

Longfellow   .         .         .         .        .        .        .        •        •        .19 

Statue  of  Peter  Cooper,  New  York 20 

Tennyson 21 

Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York      ....       23 

Celebration  in  New  York  of  the  Adoption  of  the  Constitution       26 
Alexander  Hamilton     ........      27 

xiii 


xiv  List  of  Illustrations. 

PAGE 

John  Boyle  O'Reilly 28 

Immigrants  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .29 

Bunker  Hill  Monument 32 

Ulysses  S.  Grant  .........  35 

Benjamin  Franklin        ........  36 

Robert  Morris       .........  37 

Statue  of  Colonel  Prescott 38 

John  Adams          .........  39 

Thomas  Jefferson         ........  40 

Abraham    Lincoln         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         -41 

Daniel  Webster    .........  43 

Statue  of  the  Minute-man,  Concord,  Mass.  ....  44 

A  Group  of  Loafers       ........  47 

A  Pillory 49 

Whipping  at  the  Cart  Tail    .......  50 

Benedict  Arnold  .........  53 

Aaron  Burr  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         -55 

Lafayette 59 

William  Ewart  Gladstone     .         .         .         .         .         .         .61 

Steamer  loading  Grain         .......  62 

Lafayette  Monument,  Washington,  U.C.      ....  63 

Edmund  Burke     .........  64 

Railroad  Train 68 

Brooklyn  Bridge  .........  69 

Policeman     ..........  76 

Court-house  and  Post-office,  Denver,  Col.   ....  79 

Chief  Justice  John  Marshall 81 

Chief  Justice  John  Jay 83 

Fire  Engine  on  its  Way  to  a  Fire 87 

Gardeners  at  Work  in  the  Public  Garden,  Boston       .         .  88 

Congressional  Library 89 

William  Penn 90 

Statue  of  Josiah  Quincy 96 


List  of  Illustrations.  xv 


PAGE 


City  Hall,  New  York 99 

Public  Library,  Boston 107 

Governor  Andrew 109 

Independence  Hall,  1776     .         .        .        .        .        .  113 

Voting  Place  in  Kansas,  1855       .         .         .         .         .  115 

Federal  Building,  1789 117 

U.  S.  Treasury  Building,  Washington,  D.C.         .         .        .122 

Ashland  Boulevard,  Chicago 134 

State  Capitol,  Austin,  Texas 145 

State  Capitol,  Albany,  New  York 147 

The  State  House,  Sacramento,  Cal. 151 

Capitol  at  Washington 155 

Washington  Monument 1 59 

The  White  House 162 

Smithsonian  Institute,  Washington,  D.C 164 

Battleship 168 

The  Barracks,  West  Point,  New  York         .         .         .         .169 

United  States  Soldiers 171 

U.S.  Training  Ship  "Enterprise"        .         .        .                 .  175 

United  States  Sailors •        •  i?7 

Entrance  to  Navy  Yard,  Charlestown  (Boston),  Mass.       .  181 

Letter-carrier 182 

Electric  Mail  Cars 183 

Steam  Railway  Mail  Car 183 

Minot's  Ledge  Light,  off  Cohasset,  Mass 185 

U.  S.  Naval  Observatory,  Georgetown,  D.C.        .        .         .186 

The  Flag *9* 

Colonial  Flag,  1776 193 

Liberty  Bell '94 


EQUESTRIAN  STATUE  OF  WASHINGTON. 


FOREWORD   TO    THE   CHILDREN 
WHO    READ    THIS    BOOK 

You  have  learned  by  this  time  something  about 
the  vast  extent  and  the  enormous  natural  riches  of 
our  country.  You  have  seen  on  the  map  how  it 
stretches  through  thousands  of  miles,  from  ocean 
to  ocean.  You  have  followed  the  courses  of  its 
great  rivers.  You  know  where  its  mountain  ranges 
lie.  You  have  read  of  its  vast  fields  where  cotton 
and  corn  and  wheat  grow  for  the  millions  of  the 
world.  You  have  seen  in  what  States  are  mines  of 
gold,  silver,  and  copper,  and,  what  is  even  more 
important,  of  coal  and  iron.  You  know  some  of 
the  cities  where  the  great  mills  and  factories  are,  and 
where  they  build  the  great  ships.  Surely  no  country 
has  such  extensive  riches  or  so  many  happy  homes. 

Let  us  see  what  America  has  besides  all  these 
things  which  makes  it  such  a  good  country  to  live 
in  that  men  come  from  every  part  of  the  earth  to 
make  their  homes  here.  There  are  other  lands 

xvii 


xviii  Foreword  to  the  Children 

which  have  fertile  soil  and  precious  metals,  but 
they  are  not  such  happy  .lands.  China,  for  instance, 
has  vast  wealth,  but  no  one  wishes  to  go  there  to  live. 

America  has  that  which  is  better  than  riches.  She 
has  free  men  who  possess  the  precious  inheritance 
of  liberty  and  just  laws.  She  has  the  religion  of  the 
Golden  Rule.  Her  history  is  full  of  splendid  stories 
of  patriotism.  Her  free  government  fits  a  brave  and 
free  people.  Americans  are  a  happy  people,  but 
they  are  not  nearly  as  happy  as  they  ought  to  be. 
There  are,  even  in  America,  too  many  people  who 
are  extremely  poor.  There  are  too  many  children  in 
our  land  who  do  not  have  a  fair  chance  to  grow  up 
strong  and  well  and  intelligent.  Our  laws  are  good, 
but  they  ought  sometimes  to  be  made  better. 

This  book  is  written  to  tell  some  of  the  things  that 
you  ought  to  know  about  our  country.  They  are 
things  that  concern  every  boy  and  girl  in  the  nation. 
They  ought  to  make  you  feel  very  glad  of  our  coun- 
try, but,  more  than  that,  they  should  stir  you  all  to 
do  something  to  help  make  America  a  happier 
country  in  the  twentieth  century  than  it  has  ever 
been. 


THE   BATTERY    PARK   AND   GOVERNOR'S   ISLAND,    N.Y. 

The  people  have  turned  what  was  once  the  site  of  an  old  fort  or 
battery  into  a  pretty  garden  where  one  can  see  all  manner  of  ships 
and  steamers  pass  by. 


THE   YOUNG   CITIZEN. 


CHAPTER   I. 


THE  THINGS  THAT  BELONG  TO  US  ALL. 

A  GREAT  many  things  in  our  town  belong  to  all 
the  people.  The  schoolhouses  with  their  desks  and 
charts  and  blackboards,  for  instance,  belong  to  the 
people.  The  fathers  and  mothers  and  older  brothers 
of  the  children,  and  often  men  and  women  who  have 
no  children  of  their  own,  have  paid  their  money  to 
build  the  schoolhouses  and  to  furnish  them.  They 
have  sometimes  made  the  schoolhouses  a  good  deal 

3 


4  The  Young  Citizen. 

better  than  their  own  homes.     They  have  wished  to 
make  the  children  happy  in  their  schools. 

No  one  can  say  of  the  schoolhouse,  "  It  belongs  to 
me,"  or  "  It  is  mine."  The  richest  man  in  the  town 
cannot  say  this  any  more  than  the  poor  man.  But 


A  NEW  HAMPSHIRE  SCHOOL. 

The  country  schoolhouse  of  the  old  times  was  not  always  a  very 
nice  place.  It  was  often  hot  and  stuffy  in  summer,  and  cold  in 
winter,  and  very  shabby  altogether.  See  what  clean  and  comfortable 
schoolhouses  the  country  people  are  now  building. 

the  poor  man  as  well  as  the  rich  man  may  say,  "  This 
is  ours  :  we  own  it  together."  The  children  also  can 
say,  "  These  schoolhouses  and  all  that  is  in  them  are 
ours." 

The  schoolhouses  are  not  the  only  things  that  all 


The  Things  That  Belong  to  Us  All.       5 

of  us  own  in  common.  Perhaps  there  are  other 
buildings  which  belong  to  the  people.  In  a  large 
town  there  may  be  many  such  buildings ;  such  as  the 


LAMP-POST  AND   FIRE-ALARM   SIGNAL  BOX. 

When  fire  breaks  out  in  any  well-managed  city,  one  has  no  need 
to  run  far  without  finding  an  alarm  signal  box.  Why  must  it  be  on 
or  near  a  lamp-post  ? 

police-stations,  the  houses  for  the  fire-engines,  the 
stables  for  the  horses  that  draw  the  city  carts,  hospi- 
tals for  the  sick,  homes  for  orphan  boys  and  girls, 


6  The  Young  Citizen. 

and  a  City  Hall  full  of  offices.  Perhaps  some  can 
think  of  other  buildings  which  belong  to  the  people. 
The  buildings  and  houses  owned  by  all  of  us  in  com- 
mon are  called  public.  This  means  that  no  one  can 


PLAYING   BALL  ON   BOSTON   COMMON. 

There  is  no  surer  way  to  keep  boys  out  of  mischief  than  to  give 
them  healthy  sports.  The  new  idea  is  that  all  the  boys  in  a  city 
shall  have  playgrounds  of  their  own. 


ever  say,  "  They  are  mine,"  but  all  can  say,  "  They 
are  ours."     Whatever  is  public  is  for  every  one. 
To  whom  do  the  streets  belong  ?     To  whom  do  the 


The  Things  That  Belong  to  Us  All.        7 

sidewalks  and  the  curbstones  and  the  street-lamps 
belong  ? 

The  street  does  not  belong  only  to  the  man  who 
lives  on  it;  the  lamp-post  does  not  belong  only  to 
the  man  whose  door  is  lighted  by  the  lamp.  The 
teamsters,  the  errand-boys,  the  boys  and  girls  who 
ride  their  bicycles  to  their  playground,  the  people  who 
live  on  the  other  side  of  the  town,  own  the  street  as 
much  as  the  men  who  live  on  it.  Every  one  who  walks 
out  in  the  evening  has  a  share  in  all  the  street-lamps. 

Perhaps  there  is  a  Common,  a  Park,  or  a  Public 
Garden  in  town ;  it  may  be  that  the  land  in  it  is 
worth  a  fortune ;  it  may  cost  the  city  thousands  of 
dollars  every  year  to  keep  it  in  order.  But  no  man 
is  so  rich  as  to  say,  "It  is  mine."  Every  child  can 
say,  "  It  is  ours." 

There  may  be  a  rule  that  no  one  shall  pick  the 
flowers  in  the  Public  Garden,  or  trample  the  grass. 

But  this  rule  is  not  to  keep  us  from  our  rights  in 
the  grass  and  the  flowers.  The  rule  is  made  in 
order  to  give  us  our  rights.  It  is  intended  to  secure 
the  greatest  pleasure  for  the  greatest  number  of 
people.  Is  it  not  better  and  fairer  to  give  all  of 
us  an  equal  chance  to  see  the  flowers,  than  to  let  a 
few  pick  them  and  carry  them  away  ?  The  person 
who  takes  the  flowers  from  the  Public  Garden  seems 
to  say,  "  The  flowers  are  mine,"  which  is  not  the 
truth. 

No  one  has  a  right  to  carry  away  without  permis- 
sion, and  much  less  to  injure,  what  belongs  to  us 


8  The  Young  Citizen. 

all.  Is  it  not  a  very  good  notice  which  is  said  to 
be  put  up  in  the  public  parks  of  Australia,  "  This  is 
your  property :  therefore  do  not  destroy  it"  ? 

You  see  now  what  we  mean  by  property.  Property 
is  that  with  which  the  owner  may  do  as  he  pleases. 
Part  of  the  property  in  town  is  private ;  that  is,  it 
belongs  to  some  man  or  woman.  A  man's  house,  his 
ship,  his  boat,  his  garden,  is  private  property.  He  is 
its  owner  and  he  can  do  what  he  pleases  with  it. 
No  one  has  any  right  to  use  it  unless  the  owner  gives 
him  permission.  But  a  part  of  the  property  in  town 
is  public.  It  belongs  to  all  of  us  in  common.  We 
can  do  what  we  please  with  it  —  not  what  any  one 
person  pleases,  but  what  we  all  agree  to  do  or  to 
permit. 


CHAPTER    II. 

WHAT   THE   CHILDREN    CAN    DO    FOR   THEIR    CITY. 

IF  we  travelled  across  the  sea  and  wandered  into 
a  village  in  Africa,  we  should  be  amazed  to  see  how 
the  ignorant  people  live  in  the  midst  of  dirt.  They 
have  no  idea  of  health  or  tidiness.  They  throw  bones 
and  ashes,  and  all  sorts  of  refuse,  outside  of  their  huts. 
The  dogs  are  their  only  scavengers  or  health  officers. 
This  is  the  savage  way  of  keeping  a  town.  If  the 
village  becomes  too  bad  to  live  in,  huts  do  not  cost 
much,  and  the  people  go  to  another  place  and  build 
a  new  village. 

Not  all  the  bad  towns,  however,  are  among  sav- 
ages. We  have  heard  of  towns  nearer  than  Asia 
or  Africa  where  we  would  not  choose  to  live.  The 
streets  are  filthy  and  unwholesome;  all  sorts  of 
rubbish  are  thrown  into  them ;  a  lady  would  have 
to  pick  her  way  along  the  dirty  sidewalks  with  great 
care  amid  orange  peels  and  banana  skins. 

What  is  it  that  makes  such  a  city  so  disagreeable  ? 
The  trouble  is,  that  the  people  are  careless  ;  they  have 
no  good  rules  about  keeping  their  streets  clean ;  or 
if  they  have  rules,  they  break  them,  and  scatter 

9 


10 


The  Young  Citizen. 


papers  and  various  kinds  of  unsightly  things  in  their 
streets. 

There  are  parts  of  towns,  even  in  America,  where 
a  citizen  would  be  greatly  ashamed  to  take  a  visitor. 
"  What  a  dirty  and  tumble-down  place  this  is !  "  the 
visitor  would  say.  Or  he  would  say,  "  How  noisy 


STREET  CLEANER. 


See  what  a  clean  way  is  here  used  for  handling  the  dirt  of  the 
streets.    The  street-cleaning  men  hardly  need  to  soil  their  fingers. 

and  disorderly  the  people  are ! "  Perhaps  the 
stranger  would  observe  pieces  of  glass  in  the  street, 
and  looking  up  would  see  that  the  street-lamp  had 
been  broken.  His  friend  would  explain  to  him, 
"The  boys  down  here  break  the  city  lamps." 


What  the  Children  Can  Do  for  Their  City.     1 1 

Perhaps  the  visitor  would  go  into  one  of  the 
schoolhouses.  Suppose  he  should  find  the  desks 
cut  and  the  blackboards  scratched  and  spoiled,  and 
writing  on  the  walls  of  the  buildings.  Suppose  he 
should  see  boys  walking  or  standing  about  with 
cigarettes  in  their  mouths,  or  throwing  stones  at  the 
lamp-posts.  He  would  say,  "  I  do  not  wish  my  chil- 
dren to  come  here  to  live." 

How  does  a  town  get  a  bad  name  ?  It  gets  a  bad 
name  from  the  ill  manners  of  its  people,  from  the 
ugly  look  of  its  streets,  sidewalks,  and  schoolhouses, 
and  from  the  behavior  of  noisy  and  disorderly 
persons. 

How  then  can  children  help  to  give  their  town 
or  their  city  a  good  name  ?  What  can  they  do  to 
make  strangers  and  visitors  enjoy  coming  and  stay- 
ing in  the  place  ?  What  will  bring  the  right  kind 
of  people  to  live  in  the  town  ?  What  can  children 
do  to  make  the  town  a  fine  home  for  themselves  and 
their  friends  ? 

The  first  thing  they  can  do  is  to  take  good  care  of 
their  own  schoolhouses.  If  they  do  this  they  will 
never  mar  the  walls,  or  cut  and  injure  the  desks,  or 
make  them  unsightly.  They  will  keep  their  desks  in 
order ;  they  will  not  mark  or  soil  their  schoolbooks. 

They  will  see  to  it  that  their  own  sidewalks  and 
the  sidewalks  about  their  schoolhouse  are  not  littered 
with  papers  and  rubbish.  They  will  talk  and  laugh 
in  the  streets  as  much  as  they  like,  but  they  will  not 
make  disagreeable  noises.  They  will  be  orderly  on 


12  The  Young  Citizen. 

their  way  to  and  from  school,  so  that  no  one  will  ever 
have  to  move  away  from  the  neighborhood  of  the 
schoolhouse  on  account  of  the  boys. 

They  will  be  respectful  to  older  people  and  espe- 
cially to  strangers.  They  will  be  respectful  to  the 
people  who  wear  plain  clothes,  as  well  as  to  those 
who  wear  the  latest  fashions ;  to  those  who  walk  as 
well  as  to  those  who  come  in  carriages.  They  will 
be  kind  to  all,  and  doubly  kind  if  any  one  is  lame,  or 
sick,  or  unfortunate. 

If  they  are  good  Americans,  they  will  never  be  less 
kind  to  any  one  on  account  of  the  color  of  his  skin, 
whether  it  is  brown,  or  yellow,  or  black,  or  white. 
The  children  who  wish  their  town  to  have  a  good 
name  will  treat  others  as  they  themselves  would  wish 
to  be  treated  if  they  ever  went  to  live  in  a  strange 
place,  where  no  one  knew  them ;  or  if  all  the  other 
people  in  town  were  Russians  or  Chinamen,  and  they 
were  the  only  Americans. 

The  children  who  wish  to  make  a  good  name  for 
their  town  will  take  good  care  of  themselves  and  of 
their  clothes.  They  will  choose  to  be  tidy  and  clean, 
with  clean  faces  and  clean  shoes,  with  happy  and 
good-natured  faces  also.  They  will  like  clean  words, 
such  as  become  the  young  citizens  of  a  clean  and 
noble  city. 

They  will  set  the  fashion  in  their  school  against  all 
filthy  and  profane  language.  Will  they  not  set  the 
fashion  also  against  cigarettes  and  tobacco  ?  Why 
should  boys  who  want  to  grow  strong  and  be  well, 


THE  GRAND  CANON  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE. 

This  beautiful  scenery  belongs  to  the  people  of  the  United  States 
to  enjoy  forever.  The  big  river  leaps  here  three  hundred  feet  into 
a  deep  channel  or  canon  cut  by  the  water  in  the  rock.  The  steep 
sides  are  many  hundred  feet  in  height. 


What  the  Children  Can  Do  for  Their  City.     15 

enfeeble  themselves  with  tobacco  ?  Surely  all  the 
doctors  agree  that  as  long  as  boys  are  growing, 
tobacco  enfeebles  them.  When  you  see  boys  smok- 
ing you  may  know  that  they  are  not  being  well 
brought  up  ;  when  they  are  men  they  will  lack  manly 


TENNIS  COURTS,    FRANKLIN   PARK,   BOSTON. 

Here  is  a  chance  for  the  girls  and  women,  as  well  as  for  the  men, 
to  have  capital  exercise.  There  are  also  golf-links  which  the  city 
provides  in  the  same  park. 

Once  more,  the  children  can  make  up  their  minds 
pretty  early  what  kind  of  a  city  they  intend  to  live  in. 
They  can  decide  that  when  they  are  old  enough  to 
vote,  they  will  so  vote  as  to  make  their  city  the  clean- 
est and  most  beautiful  place  in  which  to  live.  They 


1 6  The  Young  Citizen. 

will  vote  to  have  plenty  of  good  water  and  bath- 
houses. They  will  vote  to  keep  the  streets  well 
paved  and  brightly  lighted.  They  will  vote  to  get 
rid  of  the  houses  where  disease  always  lurks,  and  to 
let  the  light  into  the  dark,  damp  places  where  it  is 
not  now  safe  for  little  children  to  live.  They  will 
vote  for  true  and  honest  men,  who  believe  in  the 
children  and  in  the  schools,  and  in  making  the  city  a 
city  of  real  homes ;  that  is,  a  city  of  God. 


CHAPTER  III. 

WHAT  SCHOOLS  AND  TEACHERS  ARE  FOR. 

EVERYWHERE  throughout  the  United  States  one 
sees  schoolhouses.  In  many  cities  they  are  the  finest 
and  costliest  buildings.  The  school  property  of  our 
country  is  probably  worth  more  than  all  the  lands 
and  farms  and  shops  and  palaces  of  many  an  ancient 
kingdom.  All  of  the  gold  and  silver  that  comes  from 
all  the  mines  in  the  land  is  hardly  worth  so  much  as 
the  people  spend  every  year  in  paying  their  teachers, 
and  in  making  the  schools  comfortable  for  the  chil- 
dren. Many  parents  also,  who  are  very  poor,  and 
who  badly  need  the  help  of  their  boys  and  girls  in 
earning  money,  go  without  their  help  in  order  to  send 
them  to  school.  In  some  States  the  laws  require 
parents  to  send  their  children  to  school  a  certain 
number  of  weeks  every  year. 

What  is  the  use  of  going  to  school  ?  Why  should 
the  people  pay  such  great  sums  of  money  for  the 
sake  of  having  good  schools  ?  Why  would  it  not 
be  as  well  to  let  the  boys  and  girls  go  to  school  or 
not  as  they  choose  ?  How  many  children,  we  won- 
der, would  like  to  be  quite  free  of  the  duty  of  going 
to  school  ? 


i8 


The  Young  Citizen. 


Let  us  try  to  think  what  would  happen  if  all  the 
schools  were  closed,  and  the  millions  of  school  children 


STRELE   HIGH   SCHOOL,   DAYTON,  OHIO. 

The  best  of  the  newer  schoolhouses  are  among  the  most  costly 
and  spacious  buildings  in  America.  Their  architects  have  sought  to 
make  them  beautiful  works  of  art.  Their  builders  have  used  the 
most  solid  material  so  that  they  may  last  for  centuries. 


What  Schools  and  Teachers  Are  For.      19 

were  sent  into  the  streets  or  the  fields,  or  were  put 
to  work.  We  do  not  need  to  suppose  this.  We 
need  only  to  learn  about'  Africa  or  Turkey,  or  any 
barbarous  country.  We  need  only  to  read  about  Eng- 
land as  it  was  at  the  beginning  of  this  century.  The 


LONGFELLOW. 

Think  how  many  different  kinds  of  men  are  needed  to  do  the 
work  of  the  world  !  The  poets  are  quite  as  necessary  as  the  engineers 
and  the  bridge-builders.  Thousands  of  American  boys  and  girls 
have  been  stirred  to  be  better  citizens  by  reading  Longfellow's  "  The 
Building  of  the  Ship." 

rich  could  go  to  school,  but  the  children  of  the  poor 
toiled  in  factories  or  in  mines,  and  grew  up  in  igno- 
rance. Which  are  the  best  countries  in  the  world  to  live 
in  ?  They  are  those,  like  America,  where  the  people 


20 


The  Young  Citizen. 


take  good  care  of  their  schools.     Which  are  the  best 

cities  and  towns  in 
America  ?  They  are 
the  places  where  the 
schools  are  the  best. 

But  why  would  it 
not  be  as  well  to  let 
those  children  go  to 
school  who  choose, 
and  allow  the  others 
to  play  or  to  work  ? 
Suppose  we  tried  this 
plan ;  and  suppose 
that  in  the  course  of 
a  few  years,  when  the 
children  grew  up,  we 
had  two  classes  of 
people  in  the  town, 
—  the  educated  and 
the  ignorant !  You 
see,  we  do  not  want 
two  different  classes 
in  America,  one  class 
superior  to  the  other. 
We  want  all  the  peo- 
ple as  well  educated 
as  possible. 

What  will  education  do  for  us  ?  some  one  asks  ;  for 
it  is  hard  work  to  sit  still,  to  study,  to  work  out  ques- 
tions in  arithmetic,  to  write  and  to  draw  well. 


STATUE  OF   PETER   COOPER. 

When  a  man  has  done  brave  or 
generous  service  for  the  people,  they 
like  to  set  up  a  statue  of  him  in 
bronze  or  stone  in  some  public 
place  to  remind  men  that  all  ought 
likewise  to  be  brave  and  generous. 
Peter  Cooper,  who  had  been  a  poor 
boy,  left  a  great  fortune  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  people  of  New  York  City. 


What  Schools  and   Teachers  Are   For.     21 

Education  is  power.  It  is  power  to  earn  money. 
What  if  a  man  does  not  know  how  to  read  ?  He  will 
find  a  hundred  doors  to  employment  shut  in  his  face. 
The  more  a  boy  knows,  the  more  he  is  wanted.  Can 


TENNYSON. 

Here  is  a  man  whose  verses  are  read  wherever  the  English 
language  is  spoken.  He  has  taught  men  to  he  noble  and  brave  and 
pure,  and  to  love  freedom.  Englishmen  and  Americans,  Canadians 
and  Australians,  become  like  one  people  whenever  they  read  the 
great  poets. 

a  boy  write  well  and  add  up  columns  of  figures  with- 
out making  a  mistake  ?  That  boy,  if  he  is  honest,  is 
wanted  at  once.  There  are  not  enough  boys  of  this 


22  The  Young  Citizen. 

sort  to  fill  the  places.  Can  a  girl  draw  well  ?  Can  she 
make  designs  ?  Is  she  quick  to  catch  an  idea  ?  That 
girl  will  have  better  wages,  the  more  skilful  she  be- 
comes. Yes !  Knowledge  is  a  kind  of  power.  You 
store  it  up,  as  you  store  up  electricity  in  a  battery. 
But  it  is  better  than  electricity,  for  power  of  that  kind 
may  be  used  up  ;  but  the  more  you  use  your  knowl- 
edge, the  greater  the  store  becomes. 

Knowledge  is  also  the  power  to  enjoy.  To  be 
able  to  read  is  to  enjoy  all  sorts  of  things  which  the 
ignorant  cannot  touch  or  see.  To  read  is  to  have 
friends  in  every  library  and  every  good  newspaper 
or  magazine.  Longfellow  and  Tennyson,  Wash- 
ington and  Franklin  and  King  Alfred,  become  our 
friends,  as  soon  as  we  are  able  to  read. 

The  country  wants  something  more  of  its  boys 
and  girls  than  to  know  how  to  earn  a  living  and  to 
enjoy  themselves.  It  wants  brave,  intelligent,  and 
noble  citizens.  Here  is  the  great  reason  why  every 
one  must  be  sent  to  school. 

Suppose  our  people  were  as  ignorant  as  the  people 
are  in  Mexico  and  Brazil  and  Cuba.  They  could  not 
even  read  the  head-lines  in  the  newspapers.  They 
could  not  read  the  names  on  the  ballots  on  election 
day.  Or,  suppose  they  did  not  know  the  difference 
between  one  party  and  the  other;  for  example,  be- 
tween Republicans  and  Democrats ;  suppose  they  did 
not  know  for  what  they  were  voting.  The  truth  is, 
no  one's  life  or  property  is  safe  till  the  people  know 
enough  to  vote  for  good  men  and  just  laws. 


What  Schools  and  Teachers  Are   For.      23 

Knowledge  is  power  to  see  what  is  good  for  the 
country  or  for  the  city.  The  ignorant  man  does  not 
see  what  use  there  is  in  the  schools.  He  does  not 
see  why  he  should  pay  money  for  them.  It  may  be 
that  he  does  not  see  why  he  should  be  compelled  to 
keep  the  laws. 


METROPOLITAN   MUSEUM   OF  ART,   NEW  YORK. 

This  large  and  beautiful  building  is  used  for  keeping  and  exhibit- 
ing paintings  and  other  works  of  art.  Many  of  these  precious  things 
belong  to  the  city.  Sometimes  wealthy  friends  ot  the  people  lend 
their  own  pictures  so  as  to  give  every  one  a  chance  to  enjoy  them. 

We  send  our  children  to  school  in  order  that  they 
may  learn  what  the  best  things  are  for  their  city  and 
for  America.  The  more  they  know,  the  more  they 
will  want  the  best  for  their  city,  —  good  roads,  fine 
water,  safety  from  fire  and  mischief,  honest  and  truth- 
ful officers.  The  more  they  know,  the  better  they 


24  The  Young  Citizen. 

will  see  what  is  good,  not  for  the  North  alone,  or 
the  West,  or  for  New  York,  or  Iowa,  but  for  all  the 
people  of  America. 

We  want  more  than  knowledge.  We  want  friend- 
liness. The  schools  teach  us  not  to  be  mean,  stingy, 
and  selfish,  but  just  the  opposite.  All  the  children 
are  comrades. 

We  do  not  ask  in  our  American  schools  who  a 
boy's  father  is,  or  who  a  girl's  grandmother  was.  We 
all  meet  on  one  level  as  fellow-learners.  We  want 
what  is  good,  not  for  one,  but  for  all.  We  learn  to 
become  friends  of  one  another.  We  are  friends  also 
of  all  the  school  children.  Throughout  the  United 
States  they  are  like  us.  They  learn  the  same  lessons, 
they  salute  the  same  flag;  they  are  all  learning,  as  we 
are,  to  become  true-hearted  Americans. 

There  was  a  queer,  false  notion  once,  that  teachers 
and  pupils  were  against  each  other.  The  pupils  tried 
to  make  trouble  for  the  teachers,  and  the  teachers 
whipped  the  pupils,  and  "  broke  their  wills."  We  do 
not  believe  any  longer  in  America  that  teachers  and 
pupils  are  against  each  other.  The  teacher  is  not 
paid  to  punish  children,  but  to  help  them.  The 
teachers  and  the  children  are  friends. 

We  do  not  wish  to  break  the  will  of  an  American 
boy  or  girl.  We  wish  a  boy  or  girl  to  have  a  very 
strong  will.  We  only  ask  that  it  shall  be  a  good  will, 
-the  will  to  help,  the  will  to  make  the  school  a 
splendid  success,  the  will  to  learn  ;  a  friendly  will 
toward  all,  a  will  to  be  honorable  and  high-minded. 


CHAPTER   IV. 

AMERICAN    CITIZENS. 

WHO  have  the  right  to  be  called  true  American 
citizens  ?  Perhaps  some  one  will  say  :  "  I  have  the 
best  right  to  be  called  an  American.  My  family 
is  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  country.  My  ancestors 
came  over  here  when  there  were  only  a  few  Indians 
on  these  shores.  One  of  my  forefathers  came  in 
the  famous  little  ship  Mayflower.  One  of  my  great- 
great-grandfathers  came  from  Holland  with  the  Dutch 
settlers,  who  founded  the  State  of  New  York.  Some 
of  the  men  of  my  family  fought  with  Washington  in 
the  war  for  freedom.  I  have  the  right  to  belong  to 
the  Sons  (or  the  Daughters)  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution." 

All  this  is  very  interesting,  but  what  do  you  think 
the  Indian  chief  Massasoit,  who  helped  eat  the  first 
Thanksgiving  dinner  in  America,  would  say  to  this 
fine  speech  ?  We  can  guess,  if  Massasoit  could  speak, 
what  he  would  answer  back  to  the  boy  or  girl  who 
wants  to  be  thought  a  better  American  citizen  than 
the  other  children:  "Your  father,"  the  big  Indian 
might  say,  "came  here  to  my  land  a  stranger  and 
very  poor.  I  could  have  gathered  my  warriors  and 


26 


The  Young  Citizen. 


driven  him  and  his  friends  into  the  sea.  But  I  pitied 
them  and  helped  them.  My  fathers  had  been  in  this 
land  for  countless  years.  We  were  the  first  and  true 


CELEBRATION   IN   NEW   YORK   OF  THE  ADOPTION   OF  THE 
CONSTITUTION. 

It  was  not  enough  for  soldiers  to  fight  for  American  liberty. 
After  the  war  was  over  the  wisest  men  in  the  country  had  to  come 
together  and  make  a  plan  of  government.  Not  till  then  could  the 
country  be  happy. 

Americans.  We  owned  the  corn-fields ;  we  let  the 
white  men  share  the  land  with  us.  What  right  have 
you  boys  and  girls,  whose  forefathers  were  strangers 


American  Citizens.  27 

and  emigrants,  to  set  yourselves  up  as  better  Ameri- 
cans than  others  ? " 


ALEXANDER   HAMILTON. 


We  may  begin  to  hear  other  voices   speak  along 
with    the   old    Indian    chief.     There  was    a    famous 


The  Young  Citizen. 


American  named  Alexander  Hamilton.  He  lived  in 
New  York.  He  was  a  great  friend  of  Washington, 
and  was  one  of  his  bravest  officers.  He  was  one  of 
the  ablest  and  brightest  men  of  his  time,  and  he 

helped  to  estab- 
lish our  Republic. 
But  he  was  born 
in  one  of  the  West 
India  Islands. 
His  father  was  a 
Scotchman  and 
his  mother  was 
French.  He  came 
from  home  to  a 
school  in  New 
Jersey  when  he 
was  only  a  boy. 
Let  us  hear  what 
he  would  say  to  the 
boys  and  girls  who 
think  that  they  are 
better  Americans 
because  their  fam- 
ilies have  been 
longer  in  the 
country. 

"  Do  you  mean  to  tell  us,"  Hamilton  would  say, 
"  that  your  people  loved  America  more,  or  did  her 
more  stalwart  service,  than  I  did  ?  What  stories  I 
could  tell  you  children  about  the  brave  deeds  of  my 


JOHN  BOYLE  O'REILLY. 
Mr.  O'Reilly  was  an  American  citizen, 
"by  adoption,"  as  we  say.  He  was  born 
in  Ireland  and  risked  his  life  for  what  he 
thought  his  duty  to  the  Irish  people.  When 
he  came  to  America  he  gave  his  whole 
heart  for  the  good  of  the  American  people. 


IMMIGRANTS. 


The  immigrants  come  to  our  shores  in  great  ship-loads.  Whole 
families,  parents,  grandparents,  and  little  children,  often  come  together. 
Sometimes  they  are  so  poor  as  to  bring  hardly  anything  besides  their 
clothing.  From  what  distant  land  do  they  not  come  with  high  hopes 
of  America ! 


American  Citizens.  31 

friends,  who,  like  me,  were  immigrants  to  America. 
Was  there  ever  a  better  American  than  the  great- 
hearted German  Baron  Kalb,  who  came  over  here 
ready  to  die,  fighting  for  liberty  ?  " 

And  now  others  speak  to  us :  "  We  came  over 
strangers  and  immigrants,  like  your  ancestors,  from 
Ireland,  England,  Norway,  and  many  another  home 
in  the  old  countries.  You  needed  us,  and  we  helped 
you  in  the  great  Civil  War.  Thousands  of  us  fought 
for  America.  You  needed  us  in  your  mines  and  on 
your  railroads.  Where  do  you  find  any  men  and 
women  who  love  the  flag  more  than  we  do  ?  Do  you 
think  you  can  find  any  better  Americans  than  John 
Boyle  O'Reilly  or  Carl  Schurz  ?  " 

The  truth  is,  we  cannot  make  any  division  in 
America  because  some  families  have  been  here  longer 
than  others.  The  Indians  would  certainly  be  the 
best  Americans,  if  we  valued  our  citizens  for  the 
length  of  time  their  families  had  lived  in  this  country. 

Neither  can  we  call  some  boys  and  girls  better  Amer- 
icans than  others,  for  what  their  forefathers  did.  Sup- 
pose there  was  a  great-grandson  of  Washington  in  our 
school,  and  suppose  he  was  tardy  every  few  days,  and 
did  not  learn  his  lessons,  and  disobeyed  the  rules,  and 
made  the  teachers  trouble,  and  was  uncivil  to  strangers 
in  the  street ;  and  suppose  that  there  was  by  his  side  at 
school  a  little  Italian  or  Russian  boy,  who  had  just  come 
over  here,  but  who  was  prompt  and  faithful  and  obedi- 
ent and  good-tempered  ;  this  young  Washington  would 
not  be  half  so  good  an  American  as  the  other  boy. 


The  Young  Citizen. 


Whom,  then,  shall  we  call  the  best  American  citi- 
zen ?  Who  is  the  best  kind  of  pupil  to  have  in  the 
school  ?  We  do  not  ask  who  gets  the  best  marks,  or 

learns  the  lessons 
quickest,  or  makes 
the  fewest  mistakes. 
We  mean  the  best 
all-round  boy  or  girl, 
good  in  school  and 
good  in  games  too, 
whom  the  teacher 
likes,  but  whom  the 
children  like  also, 
friendly  and  helpful 
at  home  as  well  as  at 
school,  kind  and 
brave,  honest  and  gen- 
erous. 

Show  us  boys  and 
girls  like  this,  and 
we  will  tell  you  who 
will  make  the  very 
best  American  citi- 
zens. We  do  not 
care  in  what  land 
across  the  ocean  their 
parents  were  born,  or 
what  language  they  can  speak  besides  our  common 
English  tongue.  We  do  not  care  whether  they  are 
rich  or  poor. 


BUNKER   HILL   MONUMENT, 

How  many  of  the  pupils  can  tell  the 
story  of  Bunker  Hill  ?  The  great  mon- 
ument is  224  feet  high.  There  is  a 
stone  staircase  to  the  top  of  it,  where 
one  can  have  a  grand  view  over  the 
ocean  and  all  about  Boston. 


American   Citizens.  33 

Teach  them  about  our  history ;  it  belongs  to 
all  of  us  in  common.  Tell  them  the  stories  of  our 
heroes.  Show  them  what  kind  of  a  country  we  are 
trying  to  make  of  America  —  the  land  of  happy 
homes,  the  land  of  beautiful  cities,  the  land  of  free- 
dom and  justice.  Give  us  plenty  of  true-hearted  boys 
and  girls,  thousands  and  millions  of  them,  and  we  will 
have  in  a  few  years  the  very  best  American  citizens. 


CHAPTER   V. 

WHO    PATRIOTS    ARE. 

WHO  are  the  patriots  in  America?  No  doubt 
many  would  answer  at  once,  "  The  patriots  are  the 
men  who  fight  for  their  country ;  the  men  who  stood 
with  Warren  on  Bunker  Hill,  and  with  Sumter  and 
Marion  and  Morgan  in  the  Carolinas  ;  the  men  who 
made  Cornwallis  surrender  at  Yorktown  ;  the  sailors 
who  fought  alongside  of  Paul  Jones ;  the  sailors  on 
the  good  ship  Constitution ;  the  soldiers  who  fol- 
lowed Grant  to  Richmond ;  the  men  in  Farragut's 
fleet. 

"Yes,"  some  would  say,  "the  men  who  rode  with 
Custer  on  the  plains  of  the  far  West,  Dewey  and  his 
men  at  Manila,  Roosevelt  and  Hobson  at  Santiago, 
—  all  these  were  patriots.  They  were  the  same 
kind  of  patriots  as  the  famous  Spartans,  who  died 
ages  ago  at  the  pass  of  Thermopylae l  over  in  Greece, 
of  whom  the  orators  and  poets  have  spoken  and  sung 
ever  since." 

There  is  something  wrong  in  thinking  that  patriots 
must  be  soldiers  and  sailors.  What  shall  we  say  of 

1  The  Greek  word  Thermopylae  means  the  Warm  Springs. 
34 


Who  Patriots  Are. 


35 


the  women  who  do  not  fight  ?     What  shall  we  call 
Martha  Washington,  who  had  to  stay  at  home  while 


U.  S.  GRANT. 


her  husband  was  at  Valley  Forge?     What  shall  we 
call  the  thousands  of  women  who  sent  their  brothers 


36  The  Young  Citizen. 

and  sons  to  help  Washington  and  Grant  ?  Were  not 
these  women  as  good  patriots  as  their  husbands  and 
brothers  ?  Indeed  the  women  often  had  the  hardest 
time.  They  had  to  carry  on  the  farms,  while  the 
men  were  away ;  they  suffered  from  anxiety  and 


BENJAMIN    FRANKLIN. 

Born  a  poor  boy,  he  became  famous  in  Europe  as  well  as  America. 
He  was  a  pioneer  in  the  history  of  newspapers,  of  the  post-office,  of 
almanacs  for  the  people,  and  of  electrical  science. 


loneliness.  For  many  a  brave  woman  it  would  have 
been  easier  to  die  herself,  than  to  send  her  boy  away 
to  die  with  wounds  or  with  fever.  We  must  surely 
call  all  brave  women  patriots  who  love  their  country 


Who  Patriots  Are. 


37 


well  enough  to  let  their  husbands  and  sons  go  to  war 
for  the  sake  of  the  flag. 

We  must  not  forget  a  multitude  of  men  who,  even 
in  the  War  of  the  Revolution  and  in  the  great  Civil 
War,  were  never  soldiers  or  sailors,  and  yet  were 
patriots.  There  was  Benjamin  Franklin,  for  instance. 
He  did  not  fight,  but 
who  loved  America 
better  than  he  ?  If 
it  had  not  been  for 
his  services  at  the 
French  king's  court,  no 
one  knows  how  many 
weary  years  the  war  of 
Independence  might 
have  lasted. 

There    was    Samuel 
Adams,  —  who     ever 


ROBERT    MO  KRIS. 


Morris  was  a  Philadelphia  man. 
He  was  rich,  and  willingly  risked  his 
fortune  to  help  raise  money  to  pay 
Washington's  soldiers. 


heard    of    his    fighting 

a  battle  ?     But  he  was 

as  brave  and  sturdy  a 

patriot   as  any  soldier 

could  be.     There  was 

Washington's  friend,  Robert  Morris  of  Philadelphia, 

who  helped  get  money  to  pay  the  soldiers. 

Where,  indeed,  in  the  time  of  war  would  all  the 
wheat  and  beef  come  from  to  feed  the  army,  and  the 
clothing  to  keep  the  men  warm,  if  there  were  no 
patriots  hard  at  work  on  their  farms  and  in  their 
shops?  Who  shall  say  that  the  men  at  home  do 


The  Young  Citizen. 


not  love  their  country  as  well  as  the  men  who  fight 
in  the  field  ?  Why  is  it  not  good  patriotism  to  work 
for  the  country  and  pay  taxes  cheerfully  for  the  needs 

of  the  government  ? 

We  must  not  forget 
another  set  of  good  pa- 
triots in  the  times  of 
Bunker  Hill  and  Valley 
Forge.  They  were  the 
patriot  children  who 
were  not  yet  old  enough 
to  fight  for  their  country, 
but  who  were,  never- 
theless, perfectly  willing 
to  do  so  if  they  had 
been  wanted.  These 
patriot  boys  and  girls, 
all  the  way  from  Port- 
land to  Savannah,  rushed 
out,  you  may  be  sure, 
whenever  a  horseman 
came  riding  into  the  vil- 

STATUE   OF  COLONEL  PRESCOTT.  Jage  bearing  news  Qf  the 

war.  They  helped  their 
mothers  and  sisters 
while  their  fathers  were 
away.  They  were  full 

of  gladness,  too,  when  at  last  the  long  war  was  over, 
and  by  and  by  they  told  to  their  children  the  stories 
that  their  fathers  had  told  to  them,  —  about  the 


Prescottwas  the  leader  who  forti- 
fied the  heights  at  Bunker  Hill  and 
commanded  the  Americans  there. 
His  statue  stands  where  he  fought. 


Who  Patriots  Are. 


39 


troublous  and  dreadful  years  of  the  war,  and  the 
heavy  cost  that  had  purchased  our  liberties. 

Were  there  no  patriot  boys  and  girls  also  on  the 
side  that  was  beaten  in  the  Revolution  ?  Were  none 
of  the  men  patriots  who  believed  it  their  duty  to 
go  into  exile  rather 
than  to  fight  against 
their  own  mother  coun- 
try ?  Was  not  Governor 
Hutchinson  in  Massa- 
chusetts a  patriot  as 
well  as  John  Adams 
and  Hancock?  Sup- 
pose a  man  is  mistaken, 
or  is  on  the  losing  side, 
cannot  he  still  be  a 
patriot,  if  he  truly  loves 
his  country  ? 

We  are  on  the  right 
track  now  to  find  out 
who  patriots  are.  It 
was  quite  a  mistake  to 
suppose  that  patriots 
must  be  fighters,  or 

that  they  must  live  in  a  time  of  war.  Through  all 
the  history  of  our  country,  from  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  to  the  present  year,  we  have  lived  most 
of  the  time  without  war.  Most  of  the  time  we  have 
had  only  a  few  soldiers,  and  we  have  had  very  little 
for  them  to  do.  The  fact  is,  we  are  not  a  fighting 


JOHN  ADAMS. 

John  Adams  was  one  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts patriots  and  the  second  Pres- 
ident of  the  United  States.  He  was 
the  man  who,  when  British  soldiers 
were  tried  in  Boston  for  firing  upon 
the  people,  held  it  to  be  his  duty  to  de- 
fend them  and  to  give  them  a  fair  trial. 


4o 


The  Young  Citizen. 


people.     Why  should  any  one  want  to  go  to  war,  and 
burn  towns  and  kill  men  ?     That  is  what  barbarous 


people    do,  but  we   in    America 


mean  to  live  like 
civilized  men.  We 
do  not  believe  in 
fighting,  unless 
duty  compels  us 
to  fight.  Who 
knows  but  that 
they  are  right  who 
say  that  there  is 
ahvays  a  nobler 
way  than  to  fight  ? 
Do  you  think  now 
that  the  millions 
of  Americans  who 
have  lived  in  the 
times  when  there 
was  no  war,  were 
not  just  as  good 
patriots  as  ever 
lived  or  fought  ? 
To  be  a  patriot 
is  to  love  one's 
country  ;  it  is  to  be 
ready  and  willing, 

if  need  comes,  to  die  for  the  country,  as  a  good  sea- 
man would  die  to  save  his  ship  and  his  crew.  We 
think  that  the  seaman  should  be  willing  to  die,  but 
we  do  not  wish  him  to  die.  We  wish  him  to  be  skilful 


THOMAS  JEFFERSON. 

Jefferson  was  one  of  the  great  men  of 
Virginia.  Few  men  ever  did  more  for  the 
country  or  loved  its  liberties  better  than 
this  hero  of  peace.  He  was  the  third  of 
our  Presidents. 


ABRAHAM   LINCOLN. 

See  what  a  kind,  rugged,  homely  face  this  is.     No  one  was  ever 
a  better  friend  of  the  people.    Find  what  you  can  about  his  boyhood. 


Who  Patriots  Are. 


43 


enough  to  keep  clear  of  the  dangerous  ledges,  and 
to  live,  and  to  bring  his  ship  safely  into  port,  voyage 
after  voyage.  So  we  do  not  wish  the  good  citizens  to 
die  for  their  country,  but  to  be  just  and  fair  and  wise, 
and  to  treat  the 
people  of  other 
nations  as  their 
friends,  and  so 
to  live  nobly 
for  their  coun- 
try. We  think 
that  Washing- 
ton and  Grant 
were  as  true  pa- 
triots when  the 
country  was  at 
peace  as  when 
it  was  at  war. 

Yes !  To  love 
our  country,  to 
work  so  as  to 
make  it  strong 
and  rich,  to  sup- 
port its  govern- 
ment, to  obey 
its  laws,  to  pay  fair  taxes  into  its  treasury,  to  treat 
our  fellow-citizens  as  we  like  to  be  treated  ourselves, 
—  this  is  to  be  good  American  patriots. 

"  Ah  !  "  some  one  may  say,  "  did  not  the  men  and 
women  have  to  be  braver  in  the  war  times  than  in 


DANIEL  WEBSTER. 


This  is  the  man  who  said,  "  Liberty  and 
Union,  now  and  forever,  one  and  inseparable." 


44 


The  Young  Citizen. 


time  of  peace  ?  "     Let  us  stamp  that  as  false.     What 

a  terrible  thing  it  would  be  to  be  brave,  if  bravery 

requires  of  us  to  hurt  and 
kill !  Is  it  not  brave  to  try 
to  save  life  ?  Thousands 
of  brave  men  are  risking 
their  lives  every  day  to 
help  men  and  to  save  us 
all  from  harm.  Brave  doc- 
tors and  nurses  go  where 
deadly  disease  is,  and  are 
not  afraid  to  help  save  the 
sick.  Brave  students  are 
trying  perilous  experi- 
ments, so  as  to  find  out 
better  knowledge  for  us 
all.  Brave  engineers  on 
thousands  of  locomotives 
are  not  afraid  of  sudden 
death  if  they  can  save  their 
passengers  from  harmful 
accidents.  Brave  sailors 
are  always  facing  the  sea 
and  the  storm.  Brave  fire- 
men stand  ready  to  die  to 
bring  little  children  safely 
out  of  burning  buildings. 
Brave  boys  every  summer 

risk  their  lives  to  save  their  comrades  from  drowning. 

Brave   fellows  hold  in  check  maddened  horses  and 


THE   MINUTE-MAN,  CONCORD, 

MASS. 

The  Minute-men  were  the  citi- 
zen-soldiers, whom  the  British 
found  in  1775  at  Lexington  and 
Concord.  They  were  called  min- 
ute-men because  they  were  ready 
to  fight  at  a  moment's  call  to  de- 
fend their  country. 


Who   Patriots  Are.  45 

prevent  them  from  running  away  with  women  and 
children.  Brave  women  risk  their  own  lives  daily  for 
the  sake  of  others. 

Wherever  we  see  a  brave  man,  or  woman,  or 
child,  there  we  look  for  a  patriot.  Whoever  is 
brave  to  help  others  will  be  brave  also  for  the  sake 
of  his  country.  Never  forget  it :  it  is  better  to  be 
brave  to  help  men  than  it  is  to  be  brave  to  harm 
them. 


CHAPTER   VI. 

DANGEROUS    PEOPLE. 

OUR  country  is  very  large  ;  it  has  many  millions 
of  people  ;  it  contains  great  cities ;  it  is  rich  in  its 
fertile  fields,  in  its  forests  and  mines,  in  its  great 
factories,  its  workshops,  its  railroads,  and  its  ships. 
But  we  must  not  think  because  our  country  is 
strong  and  rich  that  it  is  safe  from  dangers.  Let  us 
see  what  the  dangers  are  against  which  America  asks 
its  sons  and  daughters  to  help  make  it  safe. 

In  the  first  place,  there  are  great  multitudes  of 
ignorant  people  in  our  country.  Many  of  them  are 
so  ignorant  that  they  cannot  even  read  or  write  their 
own  names.  Some  of  these  very  ignorant  men  and 
women  live  in  towns  and  cities  and  pass  schoolhouses 
every  day  as  they  go  to  their  work.  Others  live  on 
farms  scattered  all  over  the  land  ;  sometimes  they  are 
miles  away  from  any  school ;  their  children  grow  up 
as  ignorant  as  the  parents  are.  If  we  could  gather 
together  all  these  people  who  cannot  read,  and  have 
them  march  ten  abreast,  they  would  make  a  proces- 
sion hundreds  of  miles  in  length. 

We  must  not  blame  these  ignorant  fellow-citizens 
of  ours  for  not  having  gone  to  school.  Most  of 

46 


Dangerous   People. 


47 


them  never  had  a  fair  chance  to  learn.     Some   of 
them  were  born  in  slavery,  or  their  parents  had  been 


A  GROUP  OF   LOAFERS. 

Why  are  these  men  dangerous  to  the  city  ?  Not  surely  because 
they  are  poor,  or  because  they  are  ill  dressed,  but  because  they  are 
idle  and  lazy  and  mean.  Is  there  one  of  them  who  looks  as  if  he 
had  ever  earned  an  honest  living  ? 

slaves.     Some  of  them  were  born  in  foreign  lands, 
where  there  were  no  schools  except   for   the   rich. 


48  The  Young  Citizen. 

Some  of  them  had  to  go  to  work  when  they  were 
little  and  were  never  afterward  able  to  leave  off 
work  to  go  to  school.  In  large  parts  of  our  own 
country,  the  schools  are  opened  for  only  one  short 
term  each  year,  and  the  children  are  apt  to  forget 
what  they  have  learned  before  they  have  the  chance 
to  go  to  school  again. 

Of  course  there  are  some  people  who  are  ignorant 
because  they  did  not  want  to  go  to  school,  or  because 
they  played  truant.  But  on  the  whole  we  must  pity 
the  ignorant  people  rather  than  blame  them.  Most 
of  us  would  have  been  ignorant  too,  if  we  had  been 
brought  up  far  away  from  any  good  schools,  or  in 
homes  where  no  one  ever  taught  us  to  read. 

It  is  extremely  dangerous  to  America  to  have 
whole  armies  of  ignorant  people.  The  danger  is  not 
because  ignorant  people  wish  to  do  wrong.  They 
may  earnestly  wish  to  do  right.  The  danger  is  that 
they  cannot  easily  tell  what  is  right,  or  what  is 
best  for  the  city  and  the  country.  They  hear  one  side 
of  a  question,  but  they  cannot  read,  so  as  to  know 
about  the  other  side  and  make  up  their  minds  fairly. 

The  ignorant  have  to  act  and  sometimes  to  vote, 
without  knowing  what  their  actions  or  their  votes 
will  do.  Bad  or  selfish  men  lead  them  astray,  and 
because  of  their  ignorance  they  never  find  out  that 
they  are  being  used  by  selfish  men  for  bad  purposes. 
The  ignorant  are  more  easily  excited  than  the  intel- 
ligent. They  lose  their  heads,  and  then  they  do 
things  which  work  mischief ;  perhaps  they  destroy 


Dangerous   People. 


49 


property,  or  even  take  life.     They  may  be  very  sorry 
afterward,  but  it   is  too   late  to   repair  the   damage. 
Many  a  time  has  war  come  about  on  account  of  the 
sudden    passions  of 
the  ignorant. 

Moreover,  it  is 
hard  to  find  work 
enough  for  a  great 
mass  of  ignorant 
people  to  do.  They 
cannot  do  skilful  or 
nice  work,  and  there 
is  not  enough  rude 
work  like  digging  to 
keep  them  all  busy. 
This  want  of  work 
makes  them  poor, 
and  keeps  them 
poor,  and  the  poorer 
they  are,  the  harder 
it  is  for  them  to  give 
their  children  any 
help  toward  an  edu- 
cation. 

The  ignorant 
people  are  not  our 
enemies;  we  all 

wish  to  help  and  befriend  them.  But  ignorance  is 
an  enemy  of  our  country.  We  must  unite  to  drive  it 
out  of  our  land.  We  must  all  be  torch-bearers  and 


THE   PILLORY. 


See  what  cruel  and  shameful  punish- 
ments our  forefathers  used  to  inflict.  Do 
you  suppose  it  ever  made  people  better 
to  treat  them  in  this  way  ? 


The  Young  Citizen. 


flood  the  darkness  with  light.     We  cannot  afford  to 
have  any  of  our  people  left  poor  and  miserable. 

Ignorance  is  not  our  only  enemy.  There  are 
violent  and  hurtful  people  whom  nobody  wants  for 
neighbors.  There  are  tricky  and  dishonest  people, 
of  whom  we  have  to  beware  lest  they  rob  and  cheat 

us.  There  are  drunken 
people  who  make  life 
very  wretched  for  every 
one  who  has  to  live  with 
them.  There  are  idle 
and  lazy  people  who 
sponge  on  their,  friends 
and  relatives,  and  man- 
age to  get  a  living  with- 
out working  for  it. 

"  Yes,"  you  say,  "these 
people  are  dangerous 
for  their  neighbors,  and 
even  for  their  own  fami- 
lies, but  how  are  they 
dangerous  to  America  ? " 
Why !  These  lazy,  drink- 
ing, passionate,  or  tricky  people  are  a  part  of  America. 
They  are  like  sores  on  a  man's  body.  If  he  has  even 
a  few  sores,  he  is  uncomfortable,  but  if  he  has  many, 
they  sap  his  strength,  and  after  a  while  if  they  increase, 
they  kill  him. 

These  dangerous  people  help  make  our  laws  and 
choose  our  officers  to  govern  us.  But  how  can  dis- 


WHIPPJNG  AT  THE  CART  TAIL. 

Here  is  another  of  the  cruel  and 
useless  punishments  of  the  old 
times.  The  worst  of  it  was  that 
sometimes  good  men  were  treated 
in  this  way. 


UNIVERSITY 
Vc4t  or      ^/ 

DangerWs TPeople.  5 1 

honest  men  make  honest  laws  ?  What  if  the  idle 
and  the  tricky  men  get  into  the  offices  ?  Then  they 
will  misuse  and  waste  the  money  of  all  the  people. 
When  the  bad  men  get  the  places  of  honor  and 
trust,  it  is  as  if  sores  fastened  themselves  to  the 
man's  heart  and  lungs.  So  it  kills  a  nation  if  the 
people  let  the  passionate,  the  selfish,  and  the  careless 
take  charge  of  the  great  and  costly  machinery  of  the 
government. 

We  are  not  saying  that  the  idle  and  the  dishonest 
people  mean  to  do  all  this  harm  to  their  country. 
Some  of  them  are  too  ignorant  to  know  how  mean 
it  is  to  get  a  living  out  of  other  people.  They 
have  never  been  told  that  ugliness,  quarrelsomeness, 
drunkenness,  cheating,  and  sponging  are  like  dis- 
eases. They  have  never  been  told  that  the  mean, 
dishonest,  and  idle  are  a  great  load  that  the  nation 
has  to  carry  on  its  shoulders. 

Perhaps  we  ought  to  pity  these  hurtful  people  just 
as  we  pity  the  ignorant.  But  whether  we  blame 
them  or  pity  them,  they  are  no  less  dangerous  to 
America.  As  we  love  our  country  and  wish  to  see 
it  strong  and  great,  we  must  contrive  to  kill  out  the 
cheating  and  laziness  and  hard  drinking  and  ugly 
manners  that  disgrace  every  large  American  town, 
and  threaten  to  drag  our  nation  down  to  the  level  of 
a  barbarous  country. 


CHAPTER   VII. 

TRAITORS. 

EVERY  one  has  heard  the  story  of  poor  Benedict 
Arnold.  He  began  by  being  a  patriot.  It  was  a 
great  pity  that  he  did  not  die  in  the  battle  of  Sara- 
toga, which  he  had  helped  so  gallantly  to  win.  But 
he  fell  into  a  great  temptation,  and  betrayed  the 
cause  of  his  country.  This  was  treason,  and  his 
name  comes  first  in  our  minds  when  we  think  of  a 
great  traitor. 

It  is  not  only  in  war  that  a  man  may  be  as  really 
a  traitor  to  his  country  as  Benedict  Arnold  was.  A 
man  may  commit  treason  against  his  country  in  time 
of  peace.  See  how  this  may  be. 

Treason  is  to  go  over  to  the  side  of  the  enemy. 
But  what  are  the  constant  enemies  of  America  ? 
Our  enemies  are  not  across  the  ocean ;  they  are 
here  with  us.  We  have  already  found  out  what 
they  are.  They  are  injustice,  dishonesty,  lying, 
lawlessness,  greed,  and  selfishness.  These  enemies 
live  in  the  hearts  of  men  and  women.  Suppose 
all  the  millions  of  our  American  people  should  fight 
these  enemies,  and  drive  them  out ;  or,  what  is  the 
same  thing,  suppose  our  people  should  go  over  to 

52 


Traitors. 


53 


the  side  of  the  true  men,  the  faithful,  the  generous, 
that  is,  to  the  side  of  the  patriots.  Then  no  harm 
could  come  to  our  country.  A  nation  of  honest,  just, 


BENEDICT   ARNOLD. 

We  ought  to  be  very  sorry  for  Arnold.  He  began  by  being  a 
brave  and  loyal  patriot.  Washington  loved  and  trusted  him.  What 
a  shame  that  such  a  man  should  have  become  vain  and  conceited, 
and  at  last  false  to  his  friends  and  his  country ! 

true-hearted,  and  friendly  people  is  invincible.     No 
one  ever  wishes  to  do  them  harm. 

What  will  happen,  if  even  a  part  of  the  people  give 
themselves  up  to  their  enemies,  and  lie  and  steal  and 


54  The  Young  Citizen. 

wrong  one  another  ?  A  hundred  years  ago,  when  the 
nation  was  still  young,  there  was  an  able  man  who 
did  this  sort  of  thing.  His  name  was  Aaron  Burr. 
He  was  at  one  time  the  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States.  He  had  a  fine  education.  He  was  the  grand- 
son of  one  of  the  best  men  who  had  ever  lived  in 
Massachusetts. 

No  one  ever  had  a  more  splendid  chance  to  serve 
the  country  and  leave  an  honored  name.  But  he 
was  utterly  selfish.  He  wanted  more  than  was 
right.  This  is  what  the  thief  wants.  He  had  am- 
bitions for  himself  rather  than  for  the  welfare  of 
our  country.  His  life  became  bad  and  dishonor- 
able. He  quarrelled  with  Hamilton  and  killed  him 
in  a  duel.  He  made  wild,  if  not  quite  treasonable, 
schemes,  all  of  which  came  to  ruin.  He  lived  to  a 
lonely  old  age.  It  would  have  been  better  for  himself 
and  his  country  if  he  had  died  young.  For  his  selfish 
ambition  made  him  a  traitor  and  enemy  to  his  country. 

No  outside  enemy  can  be  so  dangerous  in  fight- 
ing against  us  as  selfish  and  dishonest  citizens  are. 
If  there  ever  should  be  at  one  time  many  such  men  as 
Burr,  we  could  not  have  a  government  or  be  a  nation. 

What  made  Aaron  Burr  so  bad  a  traitor  ?  Why 
was  he  more  dangerous  than  a  great  crowd  of  merely 
ignorant  men  ?  It  was  because  he  knew  better  than 
to  do  wrong.  He  had  been  educated  to  do  right,  and 
he  did  wrong  with  his  eyes  open. 

The  most  dangerous  men  for  America  are  the 
traitors  like  Burr.  They  are  men  who  know  better 


Traitors. 


55 


than  to  do  wrong.  They  have  had  good  homes, 
good  friends,  good  education,  good  fortune,  and,  in 
spite  of  all  these  things,  have  deserted  their  post  and 
gone  over  to  the  enemy.  Their  country  says  to  them, 
"  We  depend  on 
such  men  as  you  ^^ 

to    stand    for    the  JJKJJ> 

laws,  to  be  faithful 
to  your  duties  as 
citizens,  to  choose 
and  support  good 
officers,  to  lift  the 
standards  of  good 
government,  to  do 
your  fair  share,  and 
a  little  more  than 
your  share,  to  make 
America  the  no- 
blest land  in  the 
world." 

That  is  what  the 
country  says  to  its 
educated  men  and 
women.  What  shall 
we  think  of  people 
who  are  so  mean 

as  not  to  heed  this  call  ?  Let  us  not  be  afraid 
to  class  them  with  Arnold  and  Burr.  They  may 
not  be  able  to  do  as  much  mischief  as  these  great 
mischief-makers  did.  They  may  not  actually  kill 


AARON   BURR. 

You  would  think  that  this  might  be  the 
picture  of  an  old-fashioned  gentleman? 
Who  would  have  guessed  that  he  was  a 
dangerous  man?  The  truth  is,  the  more 
a  man  knows,  the  more  harm  he  does  in 
case  he  is  mean  or  selfish. 


56  The  Young  Citizen. 

better  men  than  themselves.  But  such  men  as  these 
are  all  the  time  trying  in  one  way  or  another  to  do 
what  Burr  tried  to  do  ;  namely,  to  use  the  government 
of  the  city  or  of  the  nation  for  themselves,  so  that 
they  may  make  money,  or  get  the  offices.  Whereas 
patriots  conduct  the  government  for  the  good  of  all 
the  people. 

All  that  we  have  said  about  traitors  and  patriots 
comes  straight  home  to  the  school  children.  We 
might  forgive  some  poor  Armenian,  who  came  over 
here  too  ignorant  to  know  anything  of  our  American 
history,  or  some  African  whose  forefathers  had  been 
slaves,  if  he  voted  for  mean  men  and  unjust  acts. 
We  could  even  forgive  him  if  he  thought  that  the 
government  was  intended  to  give  an  idle  man  a 
living. 

But  we  could  not  well  forgive  one  of  our  own 
children,  trained  in  our  public  schools,  if  he  should 
go  over  to  the  enemy.  Our  schools  teach  them  that 
the  government  is  for  the  sake  of  us  all,  like  the 
reservoir  of  water  that  fills  all  the  great  mains  of 
the  city  and  supplies  every  faucet  in  every  house. 
What  an  outrage  it  would  be  if  some  one  should 
waste  or  pollute  the  water  that  belongs  to  us  all ! 

There  are  young  men  in  our  cities  who  were  born 
of  our  most  honorable  families.  Their  parents  have 
often  been  very  generous  and  public-spirited.  They 
have  had  great  wealth ;  they  have  given  their  boys 
every  advantage ;  they  have  sent  them  to  the  great 
universities.  These  boys  have  learned  what  America 


Traitors.  57 

asks  of  her  sons.  You  will  not  envy  these  boys  for 
a  moment  when  you  are  told  that  they  have  been 
living  the  lives  of  traitors  to  their  country.  They 
are  often  as  idle  as  any  tramp  on  the  streets.  They 
hang  around  their  fine  club-houses  and  do  nothing 
but  smoke  and  drink  and  talk.  They  have  never 
tried  to  do  anything  for  the  public  good;  they  have 
drawn  the  water  freely  from  the  great  reservoir,  and 
they  are  not  willing  to  pay  their  share  for  it,  or  to 
help  keep,  the  great  mains  in  repair. 

What  a  chance  these  boys  would  have  if  they  would 
stop  acting  the  part  of  traitors  !  They  might  use  their 
money  to  give  better  education  for  the  people.  They 
might  use  some  of  their  time  for  the  public  service. 
They  might  join  hands  and  redeem  their  city  from 
misrule  and  waste.  They  might  give  America  the 
noblest  and  purest  government  that  the  world  ever 
saw.  Let  us  be  glad  that  some  of  the  rich  young 
men  are  trying  to  do  this  very  thing ! 


CHAPTER   VIII. 

OUR    FRIENDS    OVER    THE    SEAS. 

THE  time  was,  when  the  whole  world  was  divided 
into  warring  cities  and  kingdoms.  If  a  man  from 
the  Hebrew  land  went  up  to  Samaria  or  over  to 
Damascus,  he  took  his  life  in  his  hand.  So  if  an 
Egyptian  went  over  the  sea  to  the  Island  of  Cyprus 
or  to  Greece,  he  travelled  at  great  risk.  The  little 
country  of  Greece  was  once  full  of  cities  unfriendly 
to  each  other.  An  Athenian  would  have  found  ene- 
mies in  Sparta  or  Thebes.  Even  a  hundred  years 
ago  the  map  of  Europe  was  cut  up  into  a  great 
many  little  states,  each  with  its  separate  laws  and 
governments.  There  was  not  one  great  Germany, 
but  many  little  German  states.  There  was  not  one 
Italy  till  quite  lately. 

We  in  America  also  began  with  thirteen  different 
colonies.  The  people  of  Massachusetts  were  jealous 
of  New  York  and  Virginia.  The  people  of  Rhode 
Island  and  Delaware  were  afraid  that  the  greater 
colonies  would  do  them  wrong.  It  was  a  great 
victory  for  friendliness  among  men  when  the  colo- 
nies agreed  to  put  away  their  jealousy  and  distrust 
of  one  another,  and  to  make  a  common  country. 

58 


Our  Friends  over  the  Seas.  59 

Even  when  our  fathers  had  joined  together,  and 
formed  the  United  States  of  America,  they  were 
afraid  of  the  people  over  the  ocean.  They  were 
afraid  of  England,  and  believed  that  the  English 


LAFAYETTE. 

We  must  remember  that  this  great  friend  of  Washington  and  of 
America  had  a  long  and  very  useful  life  in  his  own  land,  after  he 
had  devoted  his  youth  to  helping  the  cause  of  liberty  over  here. 


stood  ready  to  fight  against  them.  We  were  a 
Republic,  and  our  people  were  very  suspicious  of 
the  monarchies  of  Europe,  like  Spain  and  Austria. 


60  The  Young  Citizen. 

Most  of  our  people  at  first  were  Protestants ;  they 
did  not  always  remember  what  good  patriots  the 
Catholics  of  Maryland  had  been  in  the  Revolution. 
A  great  many  people  in  Europe,  it  must  be  con- 
fessed, were  not  friendly  to  America.  Kings  and 
princes  and  lords  did  not  like  the  plan  of  our  great 
Republic  for  the  people.  The  Republic  was  an 
experiment,  and  many  thought  that  it  would  never 
succeed. 

Friendliness  has  been  growing  all  over  the  world 
during  the  past  hundred  years.  Where  are  any 
enemies  of  America  over  the  seas  ?  Travel  about 
through  Europe,  and  try  to  find  our  enemies. 
Wherever  we  Americans  may  go  we  are  pretty 
sure  of  being  treated  kindly.  Where  are  the  kings 
and  princes  who  really  purpose  to  do  any  harm  to 
America  ?  In  many  countries  the  Americans  are 
favorites  of  the  people.  Nearly  all  nations  like  to 
have  the  Americans  come  and  spend  their  money 
amongst  them. 

It  is  true  that  Americans  sometimes  do  what 
Frenchmen  or  Englishmen  or  Spaniards  do  not 
like.  So  Eastern  people  or  Southern  people  some- 
times do  what  Western  or  Northern  people  do  not 
like.  But  we  have  learned  not  to  hate  and  fight 
each  other,  although  we  now  and  then  disagree.  So 
the  peoples  over  the  seas  and  we  in  America  do  not 
intend  to  be  enemies,  although  we  sometimes  differ 
or  misunderstand  each  other. 

Why  is  it  that  the  people  of  the  world  have  come 


Our  Friends  over  the  Seas.  61 

to  be  so  much  more  friendly  toward  one  another 
than  they  used  to  be  ?  One  reason  is  that  a  great 
many  of  us  have  relatives  over  the  ocean.  The 


E.   GLADSTONE. 


This  famous  English  prime-minister  was  a  great  lover  of  libertv, 
not  for  his  own  people  alone,  but  also  for  oppressed  peoples  in  other 
lands.  He  was  a  special  friend  of  America. 

English    people  are  our    cousins,   more   or    less    re- 
moved.     Others  of    us   have  had   uncles   or  grand- 


62  The  Young  Citizen. 

parents  over  in  Ireland,  or  in  the  fatherland  of 
Germany,  or  in  Sweden  or  Italy.  We  cannot  call 
that  a  foreign  country  where  our  relatives  live. 
Neither  can  we  quite  call  that  a  foreign  country 
where  the  relatives  of  our  own  friends  and  neigh- 
bors and  schoolmates  live.  For  we  all  know  Ameri- 
cans who  came  of  the  German  or  the  Irish  or  some 
other  national  stock. 


STEAMER    LOADING   GRAIN. 

Who  has  ever  seen  such  a  queer  building  as  this  in  the  picture? 
It  is  a  grain  elevator.  To  what  port  or  what  country  do  you  think 
that  the  steamer  will  sail  ? 

Another  reason  why  we  grow  friendly  to  the 
peoples  over  the  seas  is  that  there  is  so  much  trade 
and  travel  between  the  other  countries  and  ours. 
Every  big  steamer  that  crosses  the  ocean  weaves 
a  thread  that  binds  us  all  closer  together.  Our 
American  wheat  goes  to  feed  the  English  work- 
men ;  our  cotton  goes  to  be  made  into  cloth ;  fine 
goods  come  from  the  French  and  Belgian  factories 


Our  Friends  over  the  Seas.  63 

to  be  displayed  in  the  stores  of  New  York  and  Chi- 
cago.    The  great  steamers  carry  thousands  of  letters, 
-letters  about    business,  friendly  letters,   and  love 


LAFAYETTE   MONUMENT,    WASHINGTON,   D.C. 

Let  the  pupils  find  out  and  tell  all  that  they  can  about  Lafavette. 
Ought  we  not  always  to  be  great  friends  to  the  country  that  sent  us 
such  a  noble  lover  of  liberty? 

letters.     Men  who  get  letters  from  one  another,  who 
get  money  and  supplies  from  the  people  over  the 


64  The  Young  Citizen. 

water  —  men  in  America  who  read  French  or  Ger- 
man or  Italian  books  and  newspapers,  come  to  feel 


EDMUND  BURKE. 

This  sturdy  friend  of  America  was  born  in  Ireland.  During  the 
American  Revolution  he  was  a  member  of  the  British  Parliament. 
He  was  fearless  and  eloquent  in  speaking  whatever  he  believed  to  be 
true,  or  for  the  good  of  the  people. 


Our  Friends  over  the  Seas.  65 

toward  the  men  of  Europe  as  the  men  in  New  Eng- 
land feel  toward  the  men  in  Texas  or  California. 

The  truth  is,  we  are  becoming  acquainted  with 
each  other  all  over  the  world.  We  find  that  the 
men  in  Europe  or  Asia  are  very  much  like  us.  We 
all  have  the  same  human  nature  in  us.  We  all  like 
to  be  treated  fairly  and  kindly.  We  all  feel  pleas- 
antly toward  those  who  are  just  and  generous  to  us. 
Friendly  people,  whether  they  are  Americans  or 
strangers,  help  us  to  be  friendly  too.  Selfish  peo- 
ple, whether  they  are  relatives  or  foreigners,  are 
dangerous  to  us. 

There  are  certain  people  over  the  seas  who  are 
specially  the  friends  of  America.  Most  of  the  plain 
working  people  in  Europe  are  our  good  friends. 
Why  is  this  ?  It  is  because  they  believe,  as  we  do, 
in  government  for  the  people.  They  want  such 
government  as  we  have,  in  Prussia  and  Austria  and 
Russia.  In  England  the  plain  working  people  al- 
ready have  probably  as  much  power  as  we  have  here. 
That  is,  the  government  of  England  is  becoming  a 
government  for  the  whole  people.  The  English  people 
are  therefore  our  particular  friends.  Let  us  never  for- 
get that  thousands  of  them  were  willing  for  our  sakes 
to  suffer  to  the  verge  of  starvation  in  the  Civil  War.1 

1  This  was  in  the  time  of  the  "  Cotton  Famine."  This  war  prevented 
the  Lancashire  mills  from  getting  their  usual  supply  of  cotton  from 
the  South.  There  were  Englishmen  who  wanted  their  government  to 
interfere  and  put  a  stop  to  the  war  so  as  to  have  plenty  of  cotton  again. 
But  the  Lancashire  weavers  said  No,  They  loved  America,  and  wished 


66  The  Young  Citizen. 

There  have  always  been  many  great  friends  of 
America  among  the  leaders  and  statesmen  and 
teachers  and  the  best-educated  men  in  Europe.  The 
men  and  women  who  love  liberty  and  hold  high  hopes 
of  a  better  time  to  come,  are  sure  to  believe  in  America. 

There  were  thousands  of  such  true  men  in  Eng- 
land who  helped  us  mightily  in  the  days  of  Washing- 
ton and  Franklin.  The  great  William  Pitt  and  the 
eloquent  Burke  were  our  friends.  They  held  that 
our  cause  was  the  cause  of  England.  They  spoke 
for  us  and  they  voted  for  us  in  the  British  Parlia- 
ment, as  bravely  as  Samuel  Adams  and  Patrick 
Henry  spoke  and  voted  here.  Lafayette,  the  rich 
French  nobleman,  a  Catholic,  was  the  friend  of 
America;  and  the  German,  Baron.  Steuben. 

We  have  great  numbers  of  such  good  friends  in 
Europe  to-day.  Some  of  them  are  rich  and  pow- 
erful. They  are  trying  to  gain  for  their  own  peo- 
ple the  same  great  end  that  we  aim  to  secure  in 
America  for  every  one  of  our  children ;  namely, 
a  fair  chance  to  work  out  a  noble  and  useful 
human  life.  Their  cause  is  our  cause.  Let  us 
never  forget  our  friends  over  the  seas.  Let  us 
never  insult  the  flags  that  float  over  their  heads. 
While  we  salute  our  own  flag,  let  us  sometimes  salute 
the  flags  of  other  nations.  For  we  are  all  one,  — 
friends  at  heart,  children  of  the  Heavenly  Father. 

to  put  an  end  to  slavery.  Americans,  North  and  South,  are  now  one 
in  their  gladness  that  there  are  no  longer  slaves  in  the  land.  We  can 
all  join  in  praising  the  Lancashire  workmen. 


CHAPTER    IX. 

THE    LAWS    OF    THE    LAND. 

LET  us  suppose  something  very  strange.  We  will 
suppose  that  some  day  the  master  of  the  school  should 
give  notice  that  all  the  rules  were  suspended.  Every 
one  might  do  as  he  pleased  for  the  whole  morning ; 
the  scholars  might  get  their  lessons  or  not;  they 
might  recite  or  not ;  they  might  whisper  and  talk 
aloud ;  they  might  play  games ;  they  might  make 
mischief  if  they  chose ;  they  might,  if  they  liked,  in- 
jure the  books  and  desks ;  the  stronger  or  careless 
boys  might  hurt  the  little  ones.  What  do  you  think 
would  happen  in  that  school  ? 

It  is  possible  that  some  of  the  boys  would  like 
such  a  school  for  a  day  or  two.  But  they  would 
soon  become  tired  of  it.  No  one  could  possibly 
learn  anything ;  no  one  could  even  read  story-books 
in  peace ;  the  noise  would  be  dreadful ;  the  teacher 
would  not  be  of  the  slightest  use ;  the  schoolhouse 
would  not  be  half  so  good  a  place  to  play  in  as  the 
playground  is.  In  fact,  to  suspend  all  the  rules 
would  be  like  stopping  the  school.  The  children 
would  go  home  and  say  to  their  parents,  "  We  do 
not  want  to  go  to  that  school  any  longer ;  we  cannot 
learn  anything  there." 

67 


68  The  Young  Citizen. 

Or,  perhaps  the  older  and  brighter  boys  by  the 
end  of  the  third  day  would  come  to  the  master  and 
say,  "We  wish  that  you  would  make  a  few  rules 
for  us." 

"What  rules  shall  I  make?"  the  master  might 
say.  "  Will  you  vote  to  make  some  rules  for  your- 
selves ? " 


RAILROAD  TRAIN. 

If  this  great  engine  keeps  safely  on  the  track,  it  will  run  many 
thousands  of  miles.  But  alas!  if  a  careless  switchman  makes  a 
mistake,  or  a  faulty  rail  breaks. 

"Yes,"  the  boys  would  answer,  "very  willingly. 
We  will  vote  to  have  decent  order  in  the  schoolroom. 
We  will  vote  to  stop  the  talking  and  the  play.  We 
will  vote  to  give  every  fellow  a  fair  chance  to  study 
in  quiet.  We  will  vote  to  have  recitations  again  and 
not  to  let  any  one  interrupt  the  lessons  with  noise.  We 
will  vote  not  only  that  the  teacher  ought  to  be  here 
promptly  on  time  when  school  begins,  but  that  every 


The   Laws  of  the   Land.  69 

one  of  us  ought  also  to  be  in  his  seat.  We  will  vote 
that,  as  long  as  we  go  to  school,  no  one  can  be  absent 
without  some  good  reason." 

"  Very  well,"  the  master  might  reply,  "  I  like  your 
rules.  They  are  just  as  good  as  my  rules  are.  Let 
us  call  them  our  rules,  and  let  us  first  vote  for  them, 
and  then  let  us  all  try  to  keep  them." 


BROOKLYN   BRIDGE. 

There  were  once  "  Seven  Wonders  of  the  Old  World."  This 
great  suspension  bridge  over  a  mile  long,  and  above  the  masts  of 
the  ships,  is  one  of  the  wonders  of  our  New  World.  Do  not  forget 
the  name  of  Roebling,  the  brave  engineer,  one  of  the  heroes  of  peace, 
who  built  this  bridge  in  his  thought. 

We  do  not  even  like  to  guess  what  would  happen 
if  all  the  laws  of  the  land  were  suspended  for  a  sin- 
gle week.  To  be  sure,  most  people  would  go  on  as 
before,  and  behave  themselves  perfectly  well.  But 
a  very  few  mischievous  people  might  make  a  deal 
of  costly  trouble.  What  if  half-crazy  men  should 
get  drunk  and  go  through  the  streets  firing  revolvers 


jo  The  Young  Citizen. 

into  the  crowd  ?  Or,  what  if  mischief-makers  should 
set  fire  to  buildings  ?  No  people  that  we  have  ever 
heard  of  have  tried  the  experiment  of  living  without 
any  laws. 

Where  do  our  American  laws  come  from  ?  No 
great  master  or  king  makes  them  and  forces  us  to 
keep  them.  No  little  committee  of  wise  men  tells 
us  common  people  that  we  must  do  what  they  bid 
us.  The  laws  are  our  laws.  Some  of  them  have 
come  down  from  very  ancient  times.  Our  fore- 
fathers used  them  for  hundreds  of  years.  They 
seem  so  good  and  sacred  that  men  have  often  rev- 
erently said  that  "  God  taught  them  to  men."  The 
law  not  to  murder,  the  law  not  to  steal,  the  laws  to 
keep  ourselves  pure,  the  laws  not  to  injure  our 
neighbors  —  these  are  the  laws  of  intelligent  and 
civilized  men  all  over  the  world.  We  say  that  those 
who  do  not  keep  these  grand  and  ancient  laws  are 
barbarians  or  savages. 

Some  of  our  laws  have  grown.  There  were  new 
needs,  and  new  laws  had  to  be  made  to  meet  these 
needs.  Thus,  there  were  no  laws  about  keeping  the 
streets  clean  till  men  found  out  that  filthy  streets 
breed  disease.  There  could  have  been  no  laws 
about  clearing  the  sidewalks  of  dust  or  rubbish  in 
the  days,  not  so  long  ago,  when  men  had  no  side- 
walks in  their  cities.  There  were  no  laws  about  rail- 
roads till  the  age  of  steam  came  in. 

All  the  laws,  however  they  came,  whether  they  are 
old  or  new,  are  our  laws.  They  belong  to  all  the 


The  Laws  of  the   Land.  71 

people;  they  are  for  the  sake  of  all  of  us,  for  the 
poor  even  more,  if  possible,  than  for  the  rich.  We 
vote  for  the  laws ;  or  we  vote  for  the  men  who  make 
them ;  or  we  vote  for  the  government  that  carries 
out  and  enforces  the  laws. 

If  any  law  happens  not  to  seem  to  all  of  us  quite 
fair,  we  can  petition,  like  the  scholars  in  a  school,  to 
have  that  law  altered  and  made  right.  We  can  go 
to  work  and  persuade  others  to  join  us  in  getting 
that  law  changed.  But  as  long  as  the  majority  of 
the  people  vote  to  retain  the  law,  no  one  has  any 
selfish  right  to  suspend  it  and  make  disorder  and 
trouble  for  all  the  rest. 

Along  the  low  banks  of  the  Mississippi  River  they 
build  great  embankments,  or  levees,  to  keep  the 
waters  from  overflowing  the  land  and  sweeping 
away  the  farmer's  crops  and  his  buildings.  Our 
laws  are  like  the  vast  levees  that  curb  the  water  of 
the  river.  Our  laws  defend  our  homes,  our  lives, 
our  property.  Whoever  breaks  a  law  is  like  the 
man  who  cuts  the  levee  and  lets  the  water  rush 
through.  The  harm  and  the  cost  come  upon  all 
of  us. 

You  see,  good  rules  do  not  take  away  our  liberty. 
When  the  school  for  a  single  day  suspends  all  its 
rules  freedom  is  taken  away.  No  one  any  longer 
can  possibly  read  or  study ;  every  one  is  forced  to 
be  disturbed.  The  rules  restore  liberty.  It  is  not 
true  liberty  to  be  allowed  to  spoil  the  school.  True 
liberty  is  to  be  free  to  enjoy  the  privileges  of  the 


72  The  Young  Citizen. 

school.  It  is  liberty  to  be  able  in  quiet  to  read,  to 
write,  to  study,  to  recite  lessons. 

So  in  the  city,  it  is  liberty  to  be  able  to  go  about 
one's  business  and'  not  to  be  disturbed  by  any  one. 
It  is  liberty  to  be  able  to  walk  the  streets  without 
fear  by  night  as  well  as  by  day.  It  is  liberty  to  be 
able  to  display  goods  in  the  shop  windows  without 
danger  of  being  robbed.  It  is  liberty  to  be  able  to 
travel  across  the  Continent  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
to  find  protection  wherever  one  goes.  Our  laws  give 
us  Americans  this  great  liberty.  The  only  demand 
made  of  us  is  that  we  obey  the  laws  as  we  wish 
others  to  obey  them. 

Some  laws  are  for  our  convenience.  Thus,  if  we 
are  driving  in  a  carriage  or  riding  a  bicycle,  there  is 
a  rule  or  law  to  turn  to  the  right  in  meeting  another 
vehicle.  Suppose  we  had  no  law  on  our  roads  and 
one  could  go  to  the  right  or  left  as  he  liked.  Do  you 
not  see  at  once  how  teams  and  riders  would  run  into 
each  other  ?  Sometimes  careless  people  think  that 
they  can  break  the  rule  "just  once,"  and  turn  the 
wrong  way.  Or  they  venture  to  ride  on  crowded 
streets  faster  than  the  law  allows.  Many  bad  acci- 
dents happen  to  innocent  persons,  when  selfish  or 
reckless  men  dare  to  break  the  laws  which  are  for  the 
convenience  and  safety  of  all  of  us. 

The  laws  are  like  the  tracks  on  which  the  car- 
wheels  run.  As  long  as  the  car  keeps  upon  its  track 
it  will  run  swiftly  and  safely. 


CHAPTER   X. 

THE    POLICEMEN    AND    WHAT    THEY    ARE    FOR. 

t 

A  GREAT  city  has  thousands  of  policemen.  They 
are  like  an  army  in  Boston  or  New  York  or  Chicago. 
Even  the  little  cities  and  the  towns  have  a  force  of 
policemen,  or  at  least  a  few  constables.  All  these 
policemen,  with  their  officers  and  captains,  must  be 
paid  for  by  the  people.  What  are  they  for  ?  What 
good  do  they  do,  that  we  should  keep  them  in  our 
pay? 

Some  one  may  answer  :  "  The  police  are  appointed 
to  catch  or  arrest  thieves  and  others  who  break  the 
laws,  and  to  bring  them  to  court  and,  later,  take 
them  to  jail.  They  run  after  boys  who  steal  apples 
or  pears,  or  who  throw  stones  on  the  streets."  But, 
if  you  should  follow  a  policeman  a  whole  day,  it 
would  often  happen  that  he  would  not  arrest  or 
chase  any  one.  He  walks  back  and  forth  over  his 
beat  and  no  one  offers  to  do  any  mischief. 

"Yes,"  you  will  say,  "but  every  one  knows  that 
the  policeman  is  there,  and  bad  men  are  afraid  and 
keep  out  of  his  way."  The  rogues  also  know  that 
the  country  is  covered  with  policemen  ;  so  that  if  they 
did  a  crime  in  Philadelphia  or  Brooklyn,  and  escaped 

73 


74  The  Young  Citizen. 

to  California,  a  telegraph  message  could  go  in  a  few 
moments  to  San  Francisco  to  notify  the  police  there 
to  be  on  the  watch  and  arrest  them.  Thus,  all  the 
policemen  in  the  country  help  one  another  to  defend 
the  laws. 

Yes,  and  if  some  very  great  wrong  has  been  done, 
the  police  in  Canada  and  over  the  ocean,  in  London 
or  Paris,  will  also  help  our  police  at  home  to  catch 
a  dangerous  man  and  keep  him  from  doing  harm 
to  his  fellows ;  for  all  the  people  in  the  world,  who 
stand  by  the  laws  of  justice,  are  friends  and  helpers 
to  one  another. 

We  must  not  think  that  the  policemen  are  all  the 
time  looking  for  rogues.  Most  people  are  too  sensi- 
ble to  be  rogues  and  thieves,  or  to  break  the  laws  and 
get  themselves  into  trouble.  The  policeman  is  on  the 
watch  wherever  he  goes,  and  especially  in  the  night, 
for  any  sign  of  fire.  If  he  sees  anywhere  a  suspicious 
blaze  or  smoke,  he  finds  out  what  it  is.  Sometimes 
he  is  able  to  put  a  fire  out  before  it  does  any  harm ; 
sometimes  he  has  to  ring  the  alarm  for  the  engines 
to  come. 

There  are  careless  clerks  who  forget  to  lock  up 
their  stores  at  night.  The  policeman  must  try  the 
doors  and  see  that  all  is  right.  The  policeman,  you 
see,  is  really  a  watchman.  If  every  one  did  right, 
and  there  were  no  longer  thieves  and  robbers  in  the 
land,  we  should  not  need  nearly  so  many  policemen, 
but  we  should  still  require  public  watchmen  in  every 
great  town. 


The  Policemen  and  What  They  Are  For.     75 

There  are  many  people  who  are  not  really  wicked, 
but  who  become  very  careless.  They  forget  to  remove 
the  ice  from  their  sidewalks ;  they  throw  rubbish  into 
the  gutter ;  they  keep  nuisances,  as,  for  instance,  ugly 
dogs,  on  their  premises,  without  thinking  of  their 
neighbors'  comfort  or  safety ;  they  drive,  or  ride 
bicycles,  as  if  the  whole  street  belonged  to  them. 
The  policeman  must  look  after  these  careless  people ; 
he  must  remind  them  of  the  rules  of  the  city ;  he 
must  report  them  if  they  continue  to  forget ;  some- 
times it  is  necessary  to  arrest  them,  for  a  very  careless 
man  may  do  as  much  harm  as  if  he  were  a  bad  man. 

There  is  another  part  of  the  work  of  the  police 
that  many  of  us  forget.  Perhaps  it  is  the  pleasantest 
part  of  their  work.  They  must  help  people  who  are 
in  need  or  distress.  If  a  little  child  loses  its  way,  if 
any  one  meets  with  an  accident  or  is  taken  sick,  if  a 
team  breaks  down,  if  a  poor  tramp  is  found  by  the 
roadside  almost  frozen  to  death,  the  policeman  must 
lend  a  hand.  Perhaps  he  will  call  for  a  physician,  or 
he  will  telephone  for  help  to  the  station  house,  or  he 
will  get  the  injured  man  into  the  hospital. 

The  good  policeman  is  always  ready  also  to  answer 
the  questions  of  citizens  or  strangers  who  need  to  be 
shown  their  way.  If  you  did  not  know  a  single  soul 
in  a  great  city,  the  first  policeman  whom  you  met 
ought  to  befriend  you  and  advise  you  where  to  go 
and  what  to  do. 

You  will  often  see  a  policeman  stationed  at  the 
crossing  of  a  crowded  street  to  keep  the  teams  and 


76  The  Young  Citizen. 

cars  in  order,  and  to  see  that  no  woman  or  little  child 
is  run  over.  Or  the  policeman  will  stand  at  the  doors 
of  a  great  hall  or  theatre,  and  prevent  the  crowd  from 
hurting  one  another.  Thus  the  police  help  to  pre- 
serve order  and  to  keep  the  people  safe  from  many 
kinds  of  danger. 

We  see  now  what  kind  of  men  we  need  for  our 


POLICEMAN. 

police.  In  the  first  place,  we  need  strong,  healthy 
men,  who  can  bear  exposure  to  rain  and  snow,  to 
summer  heat  and  winter  cold.  We  need  brave  men 
who  are  not  afraid  to  stand  alone  in  the  night,  who 
would  die  rather  than  desert  their  post ;  for  the 
policemen  are  like  sentinels  on  duty.  A  policeman 
must  be  thoroughly  honest.  He  must  be  a  man 
whom  we  all  can  trust,  If  he  finds  a  purse  full  of 


The  Policemen  and  What  They  Are  For.      77 

money  he  must  report  it  and  try  to  discover  the 
owner.  He  must  be  a  man  whom  we  could  leave 
in  charge  of  the  keys  to  our  houses,  if  we  should 
go  out  of  town.  He  must  be  perfectly  truthful. 
How  terrible  it  would  be  if  the  policeman  was  a  liar 
or  dishonest,  that  is,  a  traitor ! 

The  policeman  must  also  be  a  kind  and  friendly 
man.  We  have  seen  that  one  of  his  great  duties 
is  to  look  after  little  children,  the  infirm,  the  aged, 
those  who  need  help.  This  calls  for  a  gentle  man, 
as  well  as  a  strong  and  brave  man.  But  more  than 
this,  the  policeman  must  be  kind  toward  those  who 
break  the  laws  and  have  to  be  arrested.  The  law- 
breakers are  human  beings  with  feelings  just  like 
ours.  If  they  have  done  wrong  and  have  got  into 
trouble,  they  are  very  much  to  be  pitied.  We  wish 
them  to  be  cured  of  doing  wrong ;  we  cannot  bear 
to  see  any  one  ugly,  harsh,  abusive,  and  cruel  to  them. 
WTe  wish  the  policeman  to  help  them  if  he  can.  We 
do  not  wish  him  to  arrest  any  one  unless  it  is  quite 
necessary  and  clearly  his  duty.  We  want  him  to  keep 
people  out  of  jail  rather  than  to  send  them  there. 

Thus  the  policeman  must  be  a  friend  to  us  all ; 
he  must  be  the  friend  and  helper  of  those  who  obey 
the  laws  ;  and  he  must  be  a  friend  to  those  who  do 
wrong,  just  as  a  doctor  is  a  friend  to  the  sick  man, 
whom  he  has  to  confine  to  his  bed. 


CHAPTER    XL 

THE    COURTS  AND   JUDGES. 

ONE  of  the  largest  and  most  costly  buildings  in 
many  a  town  is  the  court-house.  Perhaps  as  the 
children  pass  by  its  doors  they  feel  a  sort  of  dread. 
Here  people  charged  with  crime  are  taken  to  be 
tried.  Policemen  or  sheriffs  are  about  its  rooms,  wait- 
ing upon  the  service  of  the  laws.  Judges  and  other 
officers  are  within ;  lawyers  and  witnesses  are  coming 
and  going. 

Not  very  far  away  from  the  court-house  is  the 
county  jail  or  perhaps  the  State  prison.  The  judge 
sentences  guilty  men  and  women  to  be  shut  up  in 
its  strong  walls,  sometimes  for  many  years ;  in  some 
cases  for  life.  All  this  is  very  serious  business. 

Does  any  one  think  that  the  courts  are  only 
intended  to  try  bad  people  and  to  deal  out  punish- 
ment to  them  ?  Does  some  one  perhaps  think  that 
the  judges  and  sheriffs  are  only  for  the  sake  of  pro- 
tecting the  good  and  law-abiding  citizens,  and  that 
they  are  the  enemies  of  bad  and  disobedient  people  ? 
This  would  be  a  great  mistake.  The  fact  is,  the 
people  who  do  wrong  have  rights.  They  have  the 

78 


The  Courts  and  Judges. 


79 


right  to  expect  justice ;  that  is,  perfectly  fair  treat- 
ment. Though  they  have  done  harm,  they  are  still 
men.  They  must  be  treated  like  men.  How  should 
we  like  to  be  treated  if  we  had  broken  the  laws  ? 

We  have   now  and  then  read  in  the  papers,  that 
some  wretched  man,  perhaps  out  on  the  frontier  or 


COURT-HOUSE  AND  POST-OFFICE,   DENVER,   COL. 

Do  you  know  of  any  buildings  like  this  in  the  picture,  that  are 
owned  by  the  people  of  the  United  States  ?  Does  the  Post-office 
where  you  live  belong  to  the  government  ? 

in  some  half-savage  part  of  the  country,  has  been 
"  lynched."  What  does  that  mean  ?  It  means  that 
a  band  of  men,  being  very  angry  on  account  of  a 
crime  that  has  been  committed,  —  possibly  the  steal- 
ing of  horses,  —  have  pounced  on  their  victim,  and. 


8o  The  Young  Citizen. 

without  waiting  for  the  officers  of  the  law  or  for 
witnesses,  have  proceeded  to  hang  the  man  at  once. 
They  very  likely  do  this  act,  like  cowards,  at  night. 
It  may  be  that  their  victim  was  not  the  guilty  person 
at  all.  If  he  was  surely  guilty,  this  was  no  excuse 
for  cruelty  and  abuse.  Ought  not  the  man  to  have 
had  a  fair  trial  ? 

In  old  times  it  often  happened  that  men  were 
seized  and  thrown  into  a  dungeon,  without  even 
being  told  what  they  had  done  to  deserve  imprison- 
ment. Many  a  time  innocent  men  have  died  in 
prison.  In  some  countries  to-day  people  are  still 
liable  to  imprisonment  without  knowing  who  accuses 
them  of  doing  wrong.  Now  the  courts  are  intended 
to  save  innocent  and  guilty  men  alike  from  cruel 
and  barbarous  treatment.  Men  must  not  be  lynched  ; 
they  must  know  what  charge  is  made  against  them  ; 
they  must  be  brought  out  of  jail  and  into  the  public 
court-room ;  if  there  is  no  reason  to  detain  them 
they  must  be  promptly  set  free.  We  in  America 
do  not  believe  that  a  man  has  done  wrong  until  we 
are  made  sure  of  it.  The  courts  must  give  every 
man  justice,  even  if  he  is  guilty. 

The  judge  is  not  the  enemy  of  the  offender,  but 
he  is  his  friend.  His  duty  is  to  see  that  the  trial  is 
perfectly  fair.  The  prisoner  cannot  be  convicted 
of  guilt  without  the  clear  proof  of  truthful  witnesses. 
All  that  can  be  said  in  his  behalf  must  be  heard 
and  weighed.  If  he  is  poor  and  cannot  hire  a  law- 
yer to  speak  for  him,  the  judge  must  see  to  it  that  a 


The  Courts  and  Judges.  81 

lawyer    is    appointed    and    paid    for    at    public    cost. 
If  he  is  proved  guilty,  the  judge  must  still  award  his 


JOHN   MARSHALL. 

This  man  was  a  noble  patriot  and  a  good  friend  of  Washington. 
He  was  an  excellent  lawyer  and  one  of  the  best  judges  who  ever 
presided  over  our  Supreme  Court. 


82  The  Young  Citizen. 

sentence  with  a  view  to  the  good  of  the  prisoner.  He 
must  continue  to  be  his  friend  and  not  his  enemy. 

The  twelve  jurymen  who  decide  whether  the  pris- 
oner is  guilty  or  not,  are  also  his  friends  and  not  his 
enemies.  They  promise  solemnly  to  try  to  be  per- 
fectly fair.  They  listen  to  all  the  evidence  so  as  to 
be  sure  not  to  do  an  injustice.  They  talk  the  whole 
case  over  by  themselves,  and  unless  they  all  agree 
that  there  is  ample  proof  of  the  man's  guilt  he  cannot 
be  punished. 

But  how  about  the  prison  and  the  jailers  ?  The 
prison  may  be  likened  to  a  hospital,  and  the  jailers 
may  be  likened  to  the  doctors  and  nurses.  We  say, 
if  a  patient  is  very  ill,  that  it  is  not  good  for  him  to 
go  out.  What  if  he  has  an  infectious  disease  like 
smallpox?  He  ought  not  to  want  to  go  out  and 
carry  the  disease  to  others.  What  if  he  has  leprosy  ? 
It  is  very  hard,  but  he  ought  to  be  willing  to  be  shut 
away  by  himself. 

So  we  say  about  crime.  Crime  hurts  us  all.  As 
long  as  a  man  carries  about  with  him  criminal  habits, 
he  ought  not  to  wish  to  be  let  out  of  the  hospital,  — 
that  is,  the  prison.  It  is  no  kindness  to  let  a  man 
go  free  to  burn  houses  or  kill  or  steal.  The  kindness 
is  in  keeping  him  from  doing  any  harm ;  kindness  is 
in  trying  to  cure  him. 

It  must  be  confessed  that  we  have  not  thought 
enough  about  curing  our  prisoners  of  their  bad 
habits.  But  there  are  a  few  prisons  in  our  country 
that  are  really  hospitals  for  the  wrong-doers.  Such 


The  Courts  and  Judges. 


a  prison-hospital  is  at  Elmira,  in  the  State  of  New 
York.  The  business  of  every  one  in  charge  of  this 
great  institution  is  to  befriend  the  men  who  are  sent 
there.  The  men  are  taught  useful  trades,  and  when 
they  go  out  into  the  world  again,  they  often  become 
good  and  law-abiding  citizens.  By  and  by  we  will 
have  no  other  kind  of 
prisons  or  jails  except 
such  as  do  hospital 
work,  to  befriend  and 
cure  their  inmates. 
But  if  any  of  them 
cannot  be  cured,  should 
they  ever  be  permitted 
to  come  out  to  do  harm 
to  innocent  people  ? 

The  courts  and  the 
judges  not  only  do 
justice  in  cases  of 
wrong  and  crime.  A 
large  part  of  their 
work  has  nothing  to 
do  with  crime  or  with 
dangerous  people.  In- 
deed, this  class  is  not 

large  in  America ;  for  most  of  us  mean  to  do  right. 
But  there  are  always  hard  questions  that  come  up 
between  neighbors,  and  between  business  men,  and 
even  between  friends.  There  are  questions  about 
property  and  land  and  bargains,  and  the  keeping 


JOHN  JAY. 

Jay  was  a  New  York  patriot.  He 
helped  make  the  treaty  of  peace 
after  the  War  of  the  Revolution. 
Later  he  helped  make  another  im- 
portant treaty  with  England.  Wash- 
ington appointed  him  to  be  the  first 
Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States. 


84  The  Young  Citizen. 

of  promises.  Sometimes  men  misunderstand  each 
other.  Often  they  only  see  their  own  side  of  a  ques- 
tion, and  do  not  see  their  neighbor's  side.  Often  each 
man  is  confident  that  he  is  right  and  the  other  is 
wrong.  Sometimes  both  men  are  wrong,  or  they  are 
each  partly  wrong  and  partly  right.  Their  questions 
are  like  those  which  arise  between  boys  at  their 
games.  The  boys  need  an  umpire  to  decide  for 
them.  So  the  men  need  courts  and  judges. 

It  is  costly  business  to  quarrel  or  dispute  and  to 
pay  lawyers'  bills.  It  is  a.  great  deal  better  to  be 
fair-minded,  and  to  try  to  see  how  the  case  looks 
to  the  other  side.  It  is  sometimes  better  to  get  out 
of  a  quarrelsome  man's  way  altogether,  and  not  to  do 
any  more  business  with  him.  Yes,  it  may  be  better 
to  let  him  have  more  than  his  share,  rather  than  to 
stop  and  dispute.  It  is  costly  also  to  the  public,  that 
is,  to  all  of  us,  to  keep  so  many  courts  open  where 
men  may  go  to  have  their  cases  tried.  But  it  would 
be  a  great  deal  worse  and  far  more  costly  if  every 
man  undertook  to  settle  his  own  case,  and  to  compel 
his  neighbor  by  force  to  do  him  justice.  Where  men 
have  courts,  they  learn  to  treat  each  other  like  gen- 
tlemen, even  when  they  are  obliged  to  differ. 

What  kind  of  men  do  we  need  for  judges,  and  for 
jurors  too?  We  need  fair  men,  who  can  see  both 
sides  and  all  sides  of  a  question.  We  need  kind  and 
friendly  persons,  who  are  never  hard  upon  a  man 
because  he  is  down.  We  want  faithful  men,  who 
will  take  great  pains  to  find  out  all  that  is  possible 


The  Courts  and  Judges.  85 

before  they  make  a  decision,  who  will  give  the  same 
attention  to  the  poor  as  to  the  rich.  We  need  well- 
trained  judges  who  know  what  the  laws  are.  We 
want  fearless  judges,  who  will  do  justice,  even  when 
their  decision  is  not  popular ;  for  sometimes  a  judge 
has  to  stand  up  all  alone  and  decide  against  people's 
prejudices  and  against  his  own  wishes  also.  The 
judge  must  not  have  favorites.  He  must  be  as  strict 
with  his  own  neighbors  as  with  any  stranger,  with  his 
countrymen  as  with  foreigners.  He  must  be  beyond 
the  reach  of  a  bribe  ;  he  must  never  make  the  gain 
of  a  dollar  for  himself  by  means  of  his  decision. 

Do  we  need  just,  friendly,  conscientious,  and  brave 
men  also  for  lawyers  ?  Of  course  we  do.  What  are 
the  lawyers  for,  unless  to  help  the  courts  to  do  jus- 
tice ?  What  a  shame  it  would  be  if  lawyers  used  the 
courts  to  help  rascals  escape,  or  to  cheat  honest  men 
out  of  their  property !  There  are  countries  where 
the  courts  still  aid  the  oppressors  to  wrong  the  peo- 
ple. Let  us  never  forget  that  in  America  the  courts 
are  for  the  defence  of  the  people. 


CHAPTER   XII. 

OUR    PUBLIC    SERVANTS. 

LET  us  suppose  that  we  should  ask  all  the  men 
and  women  whom  we  know,  "  What  is  your  busi- 
ness ? "  We  should  not  go  far  before  we  found  some 
one  who  would  answer,  "I  work  for  the  city,"  or, 
"  I  work  for  the  town."  Of  course  the  teachers 
work  for  the  towns  or  the  cities,  and  they  are  paid 
out  of  the  town  or  city  money.  The  policemen  and 
sheriffs  and  the  judges  also  work  for  the  people, 
that  is,  for  all  of  us,  and  the  people  must  pay  them 
their  salaries. 

But  there  are  a  great  many  others  who  work  for 
the  people.  Especially  in  a  great  city,  you  will 
be  surprised  at  the  number  of  men  who  have 
something  to  do  with  the  city  work.  There  must 
be  a  force  of  firemen,  night  and  day,  ready  to  tend 
the  steam  fire-engines  and  the  hose  carriages. 
There  must  be  men  at  work  keeping  the  streets  in 
order  and  building  new  streets.  There  must  be 
pavers  and  bricklayers  and  workers  in  asphalt. 
Another  set  of  men  must  be  at  work  all  the  time 
in  the  parks  and  public  gardens,  or  these  beautiful 
places  for  the  people  would  soon  look  shabby  and 

86 


Our  Public  Servants.  87 

go  to  waste.  There  must  be  another  force  of  men 
working  to  keep  the  city  clean,  sweeping  the  streets, 
and  removing  ashes  and  refuse  and  garbage.  Others 
must  build  and  repair  the  great  sewers. 

What  does  the  town  or  city  need  in  great  quanti- 
ties ?  It  needs  a  plentiful  supply  of  pure  water. 
There  must  be  enough  to  sprinkle  the  streets,  and 
keep  the  grass  fresh,  and  to  fill  all  the  factory 


FIRE-ENGINE  ON   ITS  WAY  TO  A   FIRE. 

boilers.  There  must  be  enough  to  play  in  the  foun- 
tains. A  force  of  men  is  therefore  needed  all  the 
time  to  work  in  the  water  department ;  to  lay  mains 
and  pipes  and  keep  them  in  repair ;  to  build  and 
maintain  reservoirs,  or  lakes  of  clear  water,  far 
back  among  the  hills. 

The  city  must  have  hospitals  also  for  its  sick, 
and  homes  for  the  aged  and  poor  and  for  orphan 
children.  It  must  have  doctors  and  nurses ;  it 


88 


The  Young  Citizen. 


must  have  superintendents  or  overseers,  and  engi- 
neers and  clerks  and  typewriters.  It  wants  skilful 
men  and  women  to  fill  all  kinds  of  offices.  You 
can  probably  think  of  some  of  its  servants  whom  we 
have  not  yet  mentioned  at  all. 

What   are    all   these    town    and    city   offices   for? 
There    are    some    people   who    think   that    the   city 


GARDENERS  AT  WORK   IN  THE   PUBLIC   GARDEN,   BOSTON. 

Do  you  suppose  that  these  men  are  doing  as  good  work  in  this 
public  garden  as  they  would  do  in  their  own  gardens  ?  Ought  they 
to  do  as  good  work  for  the  people  as  they  would  do  for  themselves  ? 


work  is  for  the  men  and  women  who  draw  their 
pay  for  doing  it.  What  a  fine  thing,  they  say,  it 
would  be  to  get  city  work,  and  to  have  short  and 
easy  hours,  and  to  be  sure  of  good  pay  every  week. 
They  really  think  that  the  work  is  all  made  for  the 
sake  of  the  office-holders.  But  this  surely  is  not 
a  good  American  idea  about  the  work  of  the  city. 
What,  then,  is  the  American  idea  about  this  work  ? 


Our  Public  Servants.  89 

A  good  American  holds  that  all  the  city  work  is  for 
the  sake  of  the  people.  The  men  on  the  streets  are 
not  there  to  draw  pay,  but  to  do  their  very  best  to 
make  good  streets.  If  a  man  were  working  for  his 
brother,  would  he  not  think  it  mean  business  to  waste 
material  and  make  a  slovenly  job  ?  Would  he  not 


CONGRESSIONAL    LIBRARY. 

Every  boy  and  girl  in  the  United  States  ought  sometime  to  go  to 
Washington,  and  to  see  this  magnificent  Library  that  belongs  to  us 
all.  It  is  on  the  Capitol  Hill. 


think  it  mean  if  his  brother  were  paying  him  wages, 
to  dawdle  away  his  time  ?  Then  is  it  not  mean  like- 
wise to  waste  the  people's  money  and  material,  or  to 
dawdle  away  the  time  that  men  owe  to  their  own  city  ? 
The  same  rule  holds  with  the  city  doctors  and 
architects  and  engineers.  They  do  not  serve  the  city 
in  order  to  draw  their  salaries,  but  to  help  the  city; 


9°  The  Young  Citizen. 

to  fight  off  disease,  to  plan  the  best  possible  build- 
ings, to  save  the  people  of  their  city  from  needless 
waste  and  expense.  Suppose  a  boy  is  chosen  captain 


WILLIAM   PENN. 

This  man  is  dressed  like  a  soldier.  But  he  was  really  one  of  the 
bravest  lovers  of  peace.  If  every  one  had  treated  the  Indians  as 
fairly  as  Penn,  there  never  would  have  been  an  Indian  war.  Which 
State  did  he  found  ? 

of  his  base-ball  nine.  Why  is  he  made  captain  ?  Is 
it  only  as  an  honor  to  the  boy  ?  Is  it  for  the  boy's 
sake,  or  is  it  wholly  for  the  sake  of  the  club  ? 


Our  Public  Servants.  91 

So  we  say  of  all  the  city  officers.  We  do  not  choose 
them  for  their  sake,  but  we  choose  them  and  pay 
them  salaries  for  the  sake  of  the  people.  Who  is 
strong,  able,  and  honest,  so  as  to  give  us  the  very 
best  and  most  faithful  service  ?  He  is  the  man 
whom  we  want  for  a  fireman,  or  a  driver,  or  a 
mason,  or  a  laborer.  Who  is  in  the  city  work  to 
get  as  much  as  he  can  out  of  the  city  and  to  do  as 
little  as  possible  for  his  pay  ?  He  is  a  kind  of  cheat, 
and  even  a  traitor.  Suppose  he  is  a  health  officer, 
and  his  carelessness  lets  disease  and  death  get  into  the 
city.  Suppose  his  bad  work  on  the  streets  causes  an 
accident,  and  some  one  is  lamed  for  life  in  consequence. 

We  have  called  the  men  and  women  who  do  town 
or  city  work  the  public  servants.  Is  sen>ant  a  good 
name  to  use  for  them  ?  Is  not  a  servant  one  who 
does  rather  mean  work  ?  Would  a  lady  or  gentleman 
like  to  be  called  a  " servant"?  We  take  this  word 
servant,  because  it  is  the  best  word  to  tell  the  truth. 

All  who  do  the  city  work  serve  the  city.  To  serve 
is  what  they  are  for.  Is  not  this  what  any  good  and 
honest  citizen  would  like  to  do  ?  Would  you  not 
wish,  if  you  could,  to  do  something  handsome  for  the 
city,  that  is,  for  your  own  people  ?  Would  you  not 
like  to  give  them  honest,  effective  work,  so  good  that 
it  would  never  need  to  be  done  again  ?  Would  you 
not  be  ashamed  if  your  work  was  not  worth  as  much 
as  it  cost  ?  Would  you  rather  not  be  paid  too  little, 
and  so  leave  the  city  better  for  your  work,  than  be 
paid  too  much  and  so  defraud  the  people  ? 


92  The  Young  Citizen. 

The  truth  is,  all  the  men  whom  the  world  honors 
most  have  loved  to  be  thought  of  as  public  servants. 
The  great  Hebrew  teachers,  Moses  and  Isaiah,  the 
noble  Christian  teachers,  Jesus  and  Paul,  Catholics 
like  Joan  of  Arc  and  Thomas  More,  and  Protestants 
such  as  William  Penn  and  Gladstone,  have  been  noble 
examples  to  show  that  the  best  kind  of  man  is  not 
here  in  this  world  to  get  place  and  honor  and  pay, 
"to  be  ministered  unto,"  but  to  be  a  minister;  that 
is,  a  servant  of  the  people,  so  as  to  help  make  the 
world  happier,  richer,  and  better.  To  do  this  is  the 
true  American  idea  of  life. 


CHAPTER   XIII. 

THE  MAYOR,  OR  THE  HEAD  SERVANT. 

OVER  in  London  there  is  a  famous  palace,  called 
the  Mansion  House,  where  the  Lord  Mayor  lives. 
Within  the  bounds  of  the  city  he  is  held  to  be  next 
in  rank  to  the  king  or  queen.  If  you  should  see 
him  in  all  the  splendor  of  his  dress  on  some  grand 
holiday,  perhaps  you  would  not  guess  what  the  real 
business  of  the  mayor  is.  You  would  imagine  that 
he  had  no  business  or  work,  but  that  his  office  was 
to  preside  over  great  festivities,  and  to  sit  at  the  head 
of  a  rich  banqueting  hall.  But  the  real  duty  of  the 
Lord  Mayor  of  London  is  not  to  dress  in  gay  robes 
and  to  assist  at  great  dinners.  He  is  in  fact  the 
head  servant  of  the  people  of  the  city  of  London,  of 
the  poor  as  truly  as  of  the  rich.  It  is  the  duty  of 
the  mayor  of  a  city  to  oversee  the  vast  work  that 
goes  on  for  the  health,  the  safety,  the  welfare,  and 
the  happiness  of  all  the  people.  Perhaps  some  of 
the  Lord  Mayors  of  London  have  forgotten  for  what 
they  are  chosen,  but  we  do  not  intend  here  in  America 
to  let  our  mayors  ever  forget  what  great  and  hard 
work  we  expect  of  them. 

Whenever  hundreds  or  thousands  of  men  are  at 
93 


94  The  Young  Citizen. 

work,  there  must  be  a  head  or  captain,  just  as  there 
must  be  a  general  over  an  army.  Some  one  must 
plan  for  the  men  and  show  them  what  to  do.  We 
have  seen  not  only  that  a  city  has  many  men  and 
women  in  its  employ,  but  also  that  it  has  various 
branches  or  departments  of  work,  —  the  police,  the 
water,  protection  against  fire,  the  public  health,  the 
schools,  and  so  on.  There  must  be  some  one  to 
oversee  the  working  of  all  these  branches  of  the 
public  service.  It  might  happen  that  the  men  of  the 
street  department  would  think  that  their  work  was 
the  most  important,  and  would  want  to  spend  more 
than  the  city  could  afford  in  improving  the  streets. 

The  mayor's  business  is  to  watch  over  the  best 
interests  of  all  the  departments,  so  that  the  firemen 
and  the  sewer  men  have  their  fair  share  of  the 
supplies,  as  well  as  the  men  in  care  of  the  streets 
and  of  the  parks.  It  may  be  that  the  people  at  the 
east  end  of  the  town  want  a  great  deal  of  money  to 
give  their  part  of  the  city  a  new  park.  The  mayor 
will  wish  to  do  all  that  he  can  for  the  park,  but  he 
wishes  also  to  be  sure  that  the  boys  and  girls  at  the 
south  end  shall  have  playgrounds  or  a  bathing-house. 

It  may  be  that  the  merchants  ask  the  city  to  help 
their  business  by  cutting  a  new  thoroughfare  through 
the  heart  of  the  town,  while  at  the  same  time  the 
attention  of  the  mayor  is  called  to  the  untidy  houses 
where  multitudes  of  poor  people  are  crowded.  The 
mayor  is  as  much  the  servant  of  the  poorest  citizen 
as  of  the  richest.  He  must  do  his  best  for  all. 


The  Mayor,  or  the  Head  Servant.       95 

It  may  be  that  the  men  who  own  saloons  desire 
freedom  to  sell  liquor,  while  other  men  and  women 
wish  to  forbid  all  selling  of  liquor  in  the  city.  The 
mayor  must  hear  both  sides,  and  he  must  obey  and 
enforce  the  laws,  even  if  men  speak  against  him  and 
threaten  to  turn  him  out  of  office.  The  mayor  has 
not  power  enough  to  alter  the  laws ;  he  must  obey 
them  like  any  other  man. 

Men  will  come  to  the  mayor  seeking  to  get  work 
from  the  city  and  to  have  places  and  salaries.  The 
mayor's  friends  will  wish  him  to  favor  them,  or  to 
help  their  sons  and  daughters  with  his  influence. 
Men  who  have  voted  for  the  mayor  will  think  that 
he  owes  them  something,  and  that  he  may  get  them 
a  job  from  the  city  in  payment  of  their  help  in  elect- 
ing him  mayor.  He  must  not  be  the  mayor  for  his 
friends  or  for  his  own  party,  but  for  the  whole  city  and 
all  the  people.  He  cannot  honestly  appoint  any  per- 
son to  an  office,  unless  he  really  thinks  that  person 
is  fitted  to  do  the  best  kind  of  service  for  the  city. 
Would  the  captain  of  the  base-ball  nine  appoint  his 
best  friend  to  be  catcher  unless  his  friend  was  also 
the  most  skilful  boy  on  the  nine  for  that  place  ? 

Who  is  the  firmest,  bravest  man  of  whom  we  can 
think  ?  We  often  imagine  it  is  a  soldier  or  sailor,  — 
Dewey  or  Hobson  or  Roosevelt.  But  the  mayor  of  a 
city  needs  not  less,  but  even  more,  firmness  of  nerve, 
courage,  and  will  than  any  general  or  commodore. 
Mayors  have  sometimes  had  to  stand  at  the  head  of 
the  police  and  to  face  a  crazy  mob,  to  quiet  angry  or 


96 


The  Young  Citizen. 


suffering  men,  and  to  save  bloodshed.     Mayors  have 

often  to  do  harder  things  :  they  must  say  No  to  their 

own  friends ;  they 
must  sometimes  de- 
cide against  their  own 
party  for  the  sake  of 
the  public  good  ;  they 
must  sometimes  for- 
bid bad  and  wasteful 
use  of  the  people's 
money ;  they  must 
turn  out  unfaith- 
ful officers,  and  pos- 
sibly make  enemies 
in  so  doing ;  they 
must  even  speak  out 
and  refuse  the  people, 
if  ever  the  people  de- 
mand an  illegal  or 
wrong  thing ;  they 
must  run  the  risk  of 
being  unpopular  for 
the  sake  of  the  public 
good ;  they  must  al- 
ways be  ready  and 
willing  to  give  up 
office  and  go  back 
to  the  ranks,  and  take 

the  place  of  private  citizens,  if  the  people  have  no 

further  use  for  them. 


STATUE  OF  JOSIAH   QUINCY,    MAYOR 
OF  BOSTON,  1823-1828. 

This  man  was  mayor,  not  for 
his  own  sake,  for  pay,  or  for  the 
honor,  but  for  the  good  of  the 
people.  The  people  honored  him 
for  this,  and  his  statue  stands  as  a 
memorial  before  the  City  Hall. 
Why  should  not  every  mayor  be 
like  Quincy  ? 


The   Mayor,  or  the  Head  Servant.        97 

Only  a  very  brave  man  therefore  can  be  a  faithful 
and  honest  mayor.  But  when  once  the  people  have 
found  such  a  man  there  is  no  one  whom  they  respect 
and  love  more.  Show  them  that  their  mayor  is  not  in 
office  for  the  honor  or  the  pay,  for  his  friends  or  for 
his  party,  but  to  serve  the  people ;  show  them  that  he 
is  not  afraid  of  anybody,  that  he  is  fair  and  impartial, 
that  he  treats  rich  and  poor  alike  on  the  ground 
of  their  common  manhood,  that  he  is  as  kind  and 
friendly  as  he  is  upright  and  firm,  —  and  the  people 
cannot  do  too  much  for  this  kind  of  mayor. 

Have  there  ever  been  mayors  like  this,  —  true,  sin- 
cere, fearless,  public-spirited  ?  Yes,  the  city  of  Bos- 
ton had  such  a  mayor  once  under  the  honored  name 
of  Josiah  Quincy  ;  New  York  had  its  Mayor  Hewitt ; 
Brooklyn  had  its  Mayor  Low ;  Detroit  had  its  Mayor 
Pingree ;  Buffalo  had  its  Mayor  Cleveland,  who,  be- 
cause he  did  good  service  as  mayor,  was  afterward 
intrusted  with  the  presidency  of  the  nation.  There 
have  been  many  mayors  in  many  cities  in  the  Old 
World  and  in  America  whom  the  people  have  had  a 
right  to  trust.  They  have  been  men  who  held  that 
their  sole  business  was  to  serve  the  people.  Is  it  not 
pitiable  that  schoolboys  should  ever  grow  up  to  betray 
the  people  for  the  sake  of  their  own  ambition  or  in 
order  to  enrich  themselves  ?  Is  it  not  a  splendid 
chance  that  our  American  boys  have  to  become  men 
whom  after-generations  will  honor  and  thank  for 
their  honest  public  service  in  helping  to  build  up  and 
beautify  noble  cities  ? 


CHAPTER   XIV. 

THE    CITY    FATHERS,    OR    KEEPING    HOUSE    FOR    THE 
PEOPLE. 

A  CITY  or  town  is  like  a  great  house,  under  the 
roof  of  which  thousands  of  people  are  living.  They 
must  have  all  kinds  of  supplies ;  they  must  have 
rules  or  laws,  so  as  not  to  interfere  with  each  other 
or  do  injustice.  There  will  often  be  puzzling  ques- 
tions to  decide,  just  as  when  a  father  and  mother 
have  to  decide  about  painting  their  house,  or  building 
an  ell,  or  sending  their  boy  to  college.  We  say  when 
the  parents  have  a  home  of  their  own  and  buy  their 
provisions,  and  take  care  of  their  house,  and  settle  all 
kinds  of  questions  about  the  family,  that  they  are 
housekeepers.  So  we  might  say  that  the  people  in 
their  great  multitude  of  homes  and  stores  and  shops, 
all  bound  together  by  common  streets,  with  their 
various  companies  of  public  servants,  are  "house- 
keepers "  together  for  the  city. 

As  long  as  people  live  in  a  little  town,  or  in  the 
country,  the  public  housekeeping  is  simple,  and  does 
not  take  much  time.  Once  or  twice  a  year  all  the 
people,  or  all  the  men,  can  come  together  and  hear 
what  their  selectmen  and  school  committee  advise, 

98 


The  City   Fathers. 


99 


and  talk  over  their  town  business,  and  choose  officers 
for  the  year,  and  decide  what  is  for  the  good  of  the 
town.  Perhaps  all  this  business  will  not  take  more 
than  three  or  four  hours.  But  in  a  big  town  or  a 
city  there  is  too  much  business  to  be  done  in  this  easy 


CITY    HALL,   NK\Y  YORK. 

The  business  of  one  of  our  great  cities  is  larger  than  all  the  busi- 
ness of  the  kingdom  of  Fiance  or  England  was,  only  a  lew  hundred 
years  ago.  The  City  Hall,  where  the  people's  business  goes  on, 
is  a  sort  of  palace  full  of  rooms  and  offices. 

fashion.  If  all  the  fathers  of  all  the  children  in  Bos- 
ton or  Chicago  or  New  York  tried  to  get  together  in 
one  place  to  talk  over  the  city  business,  no  building 
would  be  large  enough  to  hold  them.  They  would 
need  also  to  meet  every  week,  and  perhaps  every 


ioo  The  Young  Citizen. 

day  in  some  weeks,  to  get  through  with  the  immense 
housekeeping  of  their  city. 

What  simple  and  fair  plan  for  deciding  all  the  mul- 
titude of  questions  about  the  welfare  of  the  city  can 
we  think  of  ?  Suppose  that,  instead  of  bringing  all 
the  people  together  to  hear  reports  about  the  needs 
of  the  city,  and  to  decide  what  we  will  do,  we  select  a 
few  of  the  best  and  wisest  men  among  our  neighbors 
and  fellow-citizens.  Suppose  we  intrust  to  them  the 
duty  of  acting  for  us.  Suppose  that,  instead  of  mak- 
ing rules  for  ourselves  in  a  big  town  meeting,  we 
charge  these  few  men  to  make  our  rules  for  us,  and 
that  we  agree  to  abide  by  whatever  they  do.  Sup- 
pose that  we  agree  to  spend  the  money  which  they 
say  is  needful  to  keep  our  city  in  order.  This  seems 
to  be  a  fair  plan,  and  it  is  exactly  what  almost  all 
large  towns  or  cities  have  to  do.  We  sometimes  call 
the  men  whom  we  choose  to  act  for  all  of  us  "  the 
City  Fathers." 

Sometimes  these  men  are  called  Aldermen,  from 
an  old  English  word  that  means  the  Elders.  But 
this  does  not  mean  that  our  aldermen  have  to  be 
old  men.  They  may  be  as  young  as  thirty  years,  or 
younger.  They  are  often  called  Councilmen,  for  they 
counsel  together. 

A  city  may  have  two  sets  of  counsellors,  —  a  larger 
body,  as  large  in  some  cases  as  seventy  or  more,  and 
a  smaller  number  of  perhaps  only  twelve  men.  In 
such  cities  both  bodies  must  agree  before  anything 
can  be  done.  Indeed,  often  the  public  business 


The  City   Fathers.  101 

suffers  because  the  two  bodies  do  not  work  well 
together. 

You  must  know  that  City  Councils  do  not  carry  on 
the  city  business  themselves.  They  only  hold  meet- 
ings to  talk  about  the  business  and  to  settle  the  ques- 
tions that  the  people  are  too  busy  to  settle  themselves. 

They  make  various  rules  for  the  welfare  of  the 
city ;  they  decide  what  new  streets  shall  be  laid  out, 
or  what  new  buildings  shall  be  erected  for  the  city  ; 
they  help  to  shape  the  business  which  the  mayor  and 
the  other  servants  of  the  people  must  carry  out.  As 
parents  decide  to  spend  their  money  and,  for  in- 
stance, to  build  a  new  bath-room,  and  then  employ  a 
carpenter  and  a  plumber  to  do  the  work  for  them,  so 
the  City  Fathers,  that  is,  the  aldermen,  set  their 
various  officers  to  work,  as  they  think  the  needs  of 
the  city  demand. 

How  can  any  one  man  know  enough  to  decide  the 
thousand  questions  that  arise  about  a  growing  city, 
—  questions  about  health,  about  the  best  materials 
for  pavements,  about  the  right  kind  of  schoolhouses  ? 
The  men  on  the  City  Council  help  each  other  by 
dividing  their  work ;  they  make  up  little  commit- 
tees among  themselves ;  one  committee  will  take  the 
streets  in  hand,  another  will  take  charge  of  the  pub- 
lic buildings,  another  may  find  out  what  other  cities 
are  doing  for  public  parks.  Each  committee  will 
make  a  report  to  the  whole  Council  and  advise  what 
is  best  to  be  done. 

Is  the  mayor,  then,  a  sort  of  servant  of  the  City 


IO2  The  Young  Citizen. 

Council  ?  Yes.  But  in  truth  every  member  of  the 
Council  is  really  a  servant  too.  He  is  a  servant  of 
the  people,  and  he  is  also  a  servant  to  the  other 
members  of  the  Council.  If  they  direct  one  of  their 
number  to  inspect  the  wharves  of  the  city,  or  to  go 
to  another  city  for  information  about  pavements,  he 
must  be  ready  to  serve  and  must  report  the  facts 
which  the  Board  or  Council  needs  to  know. 

The  mayor,  however,  is  a  head  servant  over  the 
aldermen.  An  alderman  might  wish  to  spend 
money  for  his  own  ward,  or  his  end  of  the  city. 
He  might  be  thinking  of  what  his  own  neighbors 
would  like  to  get  out  of  the  city.  The  mayor,  as 
we  have  seen,  is  the  servant  of  the  whole  city  and 
all  the  people.  Whatever  the  aldermen  decide,  the 
mayor  must  think  it  over  and  decide  whether  it  is 
for  the  best  good  of  the  city. 

If  a  new  rule,  or  a  vote  to  spend  the  city  money, 
does  not  seem  right  to  the  mayor,  he  must  tell  the 
aldermen  his  objections,  and  they  must  talk  about  it 
again  and  make  up  their  minds  whether  they  wish  to 
pass  it  against  the  judgment  of  their  mayor.  If  they 
do  pass  it  again,  as  many  as  two-thirds  of  them  must 
agree  to  this.  Thus  the  mayor  sometimes  is  able  to 
thwart  or  veto  the  will  of  the  City  Council.  If  the 
mayor  approves  the  new  rule,  or  the  proposed  outlay 
of  the  city  money,  a  bare  majority,  that  is,  one  more 
than  half  of  the  City  Council,  —  for  example,  thirteen 
men  out  of  a  Board  of  twenty-four,  —  may  decide  the 
matter.  But  if  the  mayor  says  No,  it  will  need  as 


The  City   Fathers.  103 

many  as  sixteen  men  out  of  the  twenty-four,  to  carry 
out  the  same  plan. 

What  sort  of  men  ought  to  be  chosen  to  do  the 
housekeeping  of  the  city  ?  Suppose  that  we  should 
carelessly  choose  quite  young  and  inexperienced  men, 
—  boys  just  out  of  college,  or  ignorant  men,  or  those 
who  had  mismanaged  their  own  business  and  wasted 
their  own  money.  Suppose  that  we  should  choose 
dishonest  men,  who  were  not  ashamed  to  steal  the 
public  money  for  themselves  and  their  friends.  Sup- 
pose that  we  should  choose  men  who  could  not  keep 
sober  and  whom  the  boys  and  girls  could  not  respect. 

What  should  you  think  if  parents  appointed  a 
committee  of  young  boys  to  take  charge  of  build- 
ing a  new  house  ?  The  people  have  often  been  so 
good-natured  and  careless  as  to  trust  their  great 
housekeeping,  with  millions  of  dollars  of  expense,  to 
men  who  thought  it  fun  to  spend  the  city  money. 
The  money  has  therefore  been  wasted  and  often 
stolen ;  buildings  have  been  ugly  that  might  have 
been  beautiful ;  work  has  had  to  be  done  over  again  ; 
people  have  had  to  drink  unwholesome  water ;  the 
public  health  has  suffered ;  children  have  died  whose 
lives  might  have  been  saved ;  every  one  has  had  to 
pay  more  money  for  rent  and  taxes, — all  because 
foolish  and  selfish  men  have  sat  in  the  chairs  of  the 
City  Fathers. 

There  is  one  grand  remedy  for  public  waste  and 
foolishness.  It  is  the  choice  of  true  and  unselfish  men 
to  manage  the  affairs  of  the  people.  The  children  in 


104  The  Young  Citizen. 

our  public  schools  will  soon  have  this  remedy  in  their 
hands.  Some  of  them  in  a  few  years  will  be  sitting 
in  the  council  chambers  of  our  cities  all  over  the 
land.  The  boys,  and  perhaps  the  girls,  will  soon  be 
voting  for  aldermen  and  councilmen.  The  children 
are  learning  now  which  of  their  schoolmates  are 
honest  and  true.  They  are  finding  out  if  any  boy 
or  girl  is  tricky  and  mean.  The  boys  and  girls  who 
love  their  city  or  town  are  not  going  to  help  choose 
mean  and  selfish  and  tricky  aldermen.  They  are  not 
going  to  be  so  foolish  as  to  see  their  city  money 
wasted  and  their  city  robbed.  The  boys  who  are 
reading  these  chapters,  if  ever  they  are  made  alder- 
men themselves,  are  not  going  to  be  false- with  the 
people's  money  or  to  use  it  to  "  feather  their  own 
nests." 


CHAPTER    XV. 

THE    COUNTRY    PEOPLE. 

A  GREAT  many  of  the  boys  and  girls  of  the  United 
States  never  see  a  mayor.  They  do  not  live  in  a 
city,  but  in  small  villages  or  on  farms  in  the  country. 
The  little  villages  and  the  scattered  farms  do  not 
need  many  public  officers  or  servants  to  take  care  of 
them.  Each  man  has  his  own  well  or  cistern.  If  a 
house  catches  fire  the  neighbors  run  to  help  put  the 
fire  out.  The  country  people  do  not  need  parks  and 
costly  buildings.  If  some  of  their  fellow-citizens  are 
sick  or  poor,  kind  neighbors  can  generally  look  after 
their  wants. 

In  the  country,  therefore,  a  few  men  can  attend 
to  all  the  public  business,  such  as  the  care  of  the 
roads  and  the  schools  and  of  very  poor  and  helpless 
neighbors.  In  some  of  the  States,  in  all  of  the  New 
England  States,  for  example,  selectmen  are  chosen 
every  year  to  do  the  business  of  the  town.  There 
are  commonly  three  selectmen.  They  do  not  need 
to  give  all  their  time  to  the  town,  and  they  are  only 
paid  a  small  salary.  Indeed,  many  men  are  willing 
to  give  their  service  to  their  town  for  much  less  than 

105 


io6  The  Young  Citizen. 

they  could  get  for  it  from  a  bank  or  a  railroad.  This 
is  because  they  love  their  own  town  and  take  pleasure 
in  seeing  it  prosper.  Besides  the  selectmen  there 
are  only  a  few  officers,  a  clerk  to  keep  the  records 
and  to  give  licenses,  as,  for  example,  when  people  are 
married ;  a  treasurer  to  keep  and  pay  but  the  town 
money,  a  school  committee,  perhaps  a  superintendent 
or  overseer  of  the  highways,  one  or  two  constables  or 
policemen,  and  a  few  others,  whom  every  boy  or  girl 
who  lives  in  a  town  will  soon  hear  of. 

Children  will  sometimes  hear  about  counties,  and 
the  county  business.  Their  school  is  in  a  certain 
county.  Towns  are  only  a  few  miles  wide,  perhaps 
five  or  six  miles.  But  counties  are  twenty-five  or 
forty  or  more  miles  across.  In  each  county  there  is 
a  court-house,  where  the  people  at  regular  times  may 
find  one  of  their  judges  ready  to  try  cases  at  law,  and 
to  sentence  guilty  persons  to  punishment. 

In  some  of  the  States  of  our  Union  there  are  no 
townships  or  selectmen,  but  the  people  manage  all  the 
business  of  their  roads  and  schools  by  the  help  of 
county  officers.  There  is  a  committee  or  commission 
chosen  by  the  people  somewhat  like  the  selectmen 
of  a  town,  to  take  charge  of  county  affairs.  Other 
officers  also,  like  those  who  serve  in  a  town,  are 
chosen  to  keep  the  records,  to  keep  the  people's 
money,  and  to  serve  the  convenience  of  the  people. 
Most  of  these  officers  do  not  need  to  give  all  their 
time  to  the  public  business,  and  they  receive  very 
small  salaries. 


The  Country  People. 


107 


Many  of  the  people  of  the  United  States  fre- 
quently move  from  one  place  to  another.  Possibly 
they  move  about  too  often.  People  born  and  reared 
in  the  country  go  to  a  city  to  live.  City  people 
sometimes  go  into  the  country.  It  is  easy  to  move 
from  one  State  to  another,  for  one  may  find  friends 
everywhere.  If  one  is  ready  to  work  and  is  fair  and 


THE  PUBLIC   LIBRARY,   BOSTON. 

This  beautiful  building  stands  in  a  grand  square,  facing  a  great 
church  and  close  to  the  Art  Museum.  It  is  dedicated  to  the  use  of 
the  people  forever.  Whoever  comes  to  Boston  is  welcome  to  enjoy  it. 


kind,  and  especially  if  one  knows  how  to  do  his  work 
skilfully,  he  may  be  sure  of  a  welcome  wherever  he 
goes. 

Throughout  the  United  States  the  laws  are  much 
the  same ;  the  methods  of  government  are  nearly 
alike.  If  a  country  boy  has  learned  about  his  town 
or  county,  he  will  soon  understand  how  a  city  ought 


io8  The  Young  Citizen. 

to  be  managed.  He  will  find  differences  of  method, 
or  machinery,  between  one  place  and  another.  A 
town  government  is  like  a  very  simple  machine  with 
only  a  few  parts.  A  city  is  like  a  great  machine 
with  many  wheels  and  cogs  and  pieces.  Whoever 
uses  the  simple  machine  skilfully  can  soon  learn  how 
to  handle  the  larger  and  more  costly  machine.  In 
every  case  more  depends  upon  the  skill  of  the  men 
in  charge  than  upon  the  machine  itself. 

Shall  our  great  cities  have  good  officers,  wise  and 
brave  mayors,  and  honorable  and  public-spirited 
councilmen  ?  The  cities  not  only  depend  on  their 
own  children  whom  they  are  now  educating  in  their 
schools  to  become  good  citizens,  but  they  depend  also 
upon  the  country  boys  and  girls  to  furnish  them  with 
plenty  of  skilled  hands  to  manage  their  business. 
The  cities  have  no  room  for  idle  and  shiftless  people 
to  move  into  them,  but  they  always  have  room  for 
the  men  and  women  of  energy  and  character. 

History  is  full  of  the  stories  of  men  who  were 
born  in  the  country  and  have  made  their  way  to 
great  places  of  honor  in  famous  cities.  Who  has 
not  heard  of  Dick  Whittington,  five  hundred  years 
ago,  who,  when  his  father  died,  at  only  thirteen  years 
of  age,  went  up  to  seek  his  fortune  in  London,  and 
was  made  the  Lord  Mayor  before  he  was  forty  ? 

Sturdy  country  boys  have  always  carried  vigor 
and  courage  into  the  city  life.  Ask  who  the  most 
useful  men  are  in  the  city  of  New  York  or  Chicago, 
—  merchants,  physicians,  architects,  skilled  workmen, 


The  Country   People. 


109 


the  leaders  of  their  fellows ;  the  chance  is  that  they 
were  once  country  boys.     You  will  often  be  shown 


GOVERNOR    ANDRKXV. 

Here  was  a  man  who  never  fought  a  battle,  but  he  was  just  as 
brave  as  the  soldiers,  whom  he  helped  to  send  to  the  front  in  the 
time  of  the  Civil  War.  He  was  kind  and  friendly  to  every  one,  and 
the  people  of  Massachusetts  loved  him. 

the  little  farmhouse  where  some  well-known  man  like 


no  The  Young  Citizen. 

Governor  Andrew  of  Massachusetts  was  born.  Per- 
haps you  will  be  shown  the  fine  public  library  that 
a  generous  city  man  has  erected  as  a  gift  to  his  na- 
tive town.  Yes  !  the  cities  always  look  to  the  coun- 
try for  their  best  men  and  women. 

The  children  who  read  this  little  book  can  ask  their 
fathers  or  older  friends  to  tell  them  who  are  their 
own  town  or  county  officers.  They  can  find  out  what 
these  various  officers  do.  They  can  ask  especially 
what  officers  are  serving  the  people  as  good  public 
servants  ought,  not  for  the  sake  of  the  pay,  but  in 
order  to  do  the  most  honest  and  faithful  work  for  all 
of  us.  They  can  remember  the  names  of  such  good 
public  officers,  and  make  up  their  minds,  when  they 
are  old  enough  to  have  a  voice  in  the  people's  busi- 
ness, what  kind  of  officers  they  will  help  to  choose. 

If  they  ever  hear  of  dishonest  and  unfaithful  pub- 
lic servants,  who  waste  or  misuse  or  even  steal  the 
money  of  the  people,  the  children  will  resolve  to  try 
to  put  a  stop  to  such  mischief.  They  can  all  resolve 
if  ever,  when  they  are  grown  up,  the  people  wish  to 
choose  them  for  the  public  servants,  that  they  will 
give  their  very  best  work  for  the  people.  They  will, 
if  possible,  do  a  little  better  for  the  people's  business 
than  they  would  do  for  themselves.  For  when  a 
man  makes  a  mistake  in  his  own  business  he  per- 
haps hurts  himself  alone  ;  but  when  he  abuses  the 
public  business  he  hurts  himself  and  all  the  people 
besides. 

When  a  boy  is  practising  in  throwing   a  ball  by 


The  Country  People.  1 1 1 

himself,  it  is  not  very  important  if  he  sometimes  fails 
to  catch  it ;  but  when  he  is  playing  a  match  game,  his 
failure  may  spoil  the  score  for  his  side.  So  it  is 
when  a  man  turns  aside  from  his  own  business  and 
undertakes  to  serve  the  public.  All  his  mistakes  and 
failures  now  become  a  public  loss.  How  shall  we 
praise  too  highly  the  man  in  office  who  does  his 
work  for  the  sake  of  all  of  us  better,  if  possible,  than 
he  does  his  own  work  ?  Such  able  and  faithful 
public  officers  do  good  to  all  the  people.  Who  of 
us  is  not  richer  for  knowing  some  brave,  skilful, 
kind,  and  honest  public  servant  ?  How  many  men 
do  we  know  of  this  sort? 


CHAPTER   XVI. 

VOTING,    OR    CHOOSING    OUR    LEADERS. 

How  do  men  become  mayors  and  aldermen  in  the 
cities,  or  selectmen  in  the  towns  ?  In  other  words, 
how  do  we  get  leaders  and  managers  for  the  people  ? 

In  old  times  the  strongest  and  boldest  men  made 
themselves  lords  over  the  people.  They  got  soldiers 
together,  and  they  fought  and  killed  those  who  re- 
sisted them.  When  the  lord  of  a  town  died,  his  old- 
est son  would  take  the  rule  and  keep  it,  if  he  could, 
for  his  son  after  him.  In  the  old  countries  of  the 
world,  in  Italy  or  in  Germany,  you  still  are  shown 
the  castles,  often  on  a  high  hill  over  the  town,  where 
the  lords  lived  with  their  soldiers.  Their  business 
mostly  was  to  fight  against  the  lords  of  other  cities. 
They  did  not  care  much  how  their  poor  people  got 
on,  who  often  suffered  terribly  from  hunger  and  op- 
pression, and  were  compelled  to  pay  their  money 
to  the  great  lord  upon  the  hill.  Little  did  the  lords 
trouble  themselves  in  the  old  cruel  days  whether  the 
children  of  their  people  ever  learned  to  read  and  write. 

Perhaps  a  king  or  emperor  who  lived  in  Paris,  or 
Vienna,  or  St.  Petersburg,  thought  that  he  owned  all 
the  cities  of  the  realm.  He  could  appoint  his  own 

112 


Voting,  or  Choosing  Our  Leaders.      113 

friends  or  his  sons  to  be  the  lords  of  the  cities,  and 
if  the  people  did  not  like  to  be  governed  in  this  way 
they  could  not  help  themselves.  There  are  many  parts 
of  the  world  where  the  people  have  no  voice  at  all  in 
choosing  who  their  mayors  or  public  servants  shall 
be.  The  people  are  thought  to  live  for  the  sake  of 


INDEPENDENCE  HALL,    1776. 

This  was  the  old  State  House  of  Pennsylvania.  Here  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  was  proclaimed,  and  the  bell  in  the  tower  rang 
out  the  glad  news.  Here,  after  the  war,  the  convention  of  famous 
men  sat  who  drew  up  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

their  lords  and  kings,  instead  of  the  kings  and  the 
mayors  living  for  the  people. 

Over  here  in  America  we  do  not  allow  any  man  to 
seize  the  government  for  himself.  However  strong 
and  brave  and  wise  a  man  is,  even  if  he  is  as  good  as 
Washington  was,  we  hold  that  he  must  never  take 


ii4  The  Young  Citizen. 

any  office,  till  the  people  choose  him  of  their  own 
free  will.  We  hold  also  that  every  officer  of  ours 
must  be  ready  to  lay  down  his  office  whenever  his 
term  of  office  runs  out.  Even  the  President  of  the 
United  States  must  not  hold  his  place  for  more  than 
four  years,  and  then  the  people  must  say  whether 
they  wish  him  to  serve  them  longer.  The  mayors 
and  the  aldermen  often  have  to  be  chosen  anew  every 
year.  Of  course  it  seems  to  us  Americans  very  ridicu- 
lous that  any  man  should  have  the  power  to  give  his 
office  to  his  son,  or  to  one  of  his  relatives.  The  place 
is  not  his,  we  say,  but  ours  to  bestow.  What  if  his 
son  should  happen  to  be  foolish,  or  selfish,  or  bad  ? 

The  business  of  choosing  our  officers,  the  mayors 
and  aldermen  and  others,  we  call  voting.  An  election 
day  is  appointed,  perhaps  once  a  year,  when  the  peo- 
ple (that  is,  in  most  States,  the  men  who  are  over 
twenty-one  years  old)  meet  in  their  wardrooms  or 
polling-booths  or  town  halls ;  printed  papers  or  bal- 
lots are  provided  for  them  with  the  names  of  their 
candidates,  that  is,  the  men  or  women  who  are 
thought  to  be  fit  for  the  various  offices.1  Each  voter 
picks  out  the  paper  or  ballot  that  contains  the  names 
of  the  men  he  wants  to  elect ;  if  he  cannot  find  the 
names  printed  of  those  whom  he  wishes  to  vote  for, 
he  can  write  their  names  upon  the  paper  himself. 

1  There  are  offices,  for  example  on  school  committees,  for  which 
women  are  specially  fitted.  Many  men  can  see  no  reason  why  women, 
as  intelligent  as  themselves,  ought  not  to  be  permitted  to  vote  every- 
where, as  the  men  do. 


Voting,  or  Choosing  Our  Leaders.      115 

Then  he  puts  his  ballot  into  a  box ;  and  when  all  the 
ballots  are  in,  there  are  persons  to  count  them  care- 
fully and  to  find  out  which  names  have  the  larger 
number  of  votes.  Whoever  in  the  city  has  more 
votes  than  any  one  else  for  the  office  of  mayor  is 
declared  the  mayor-elect  So  with  the  other  officers. 
Does  not  this  way  seem  perfectly  fair?  Would  it 


VOTING-PLACE  IN    KANSAS,    1855. 

This  is  a  picture  of  what  might  have  been  seen  before  Kansas  was 
made  a  State.  There  were  wild  times  in  Kansas  when  men  were 
trying  to  decide  whether  it  should  be  a  slave  State  or  free. 

not  be  very  wrong  if  any  one  could  be  made  mayor 
whom  the  larger  part  of  the  people  did  not  want  ? 

Many  of  our  States  use  what  is  called  the  Australian 
ballot.  It  is  called  so  because  it  was  used  in  Australia 
before  we  took  it  up.  The  names  of  all  the  different 
candidates  are  printed  upon  the  same  paper,  and  the 


n6  The  Young  Citizen. 

voter  marks  a  cross  (X)  against  the  names  that  he 
chooses.  It  often  takes  a  large  sheet  to  contain  all 
the  names.  The  voter  must  mark  his  ballot  within  a 
little  enclosed  box  or  desk,  so  that  no  one  can  see 
what  names  he  marks.  This  rule  is  made  so  that 
every  one  can  be  quite  free  to  vote  as  he  thinks  right. 
For  no  one  has  any  business  in  America  to  tell  another 
man  how  he  must  vote. 

Suppose  that  the  teacher  were  to  ask  all  the  scholars 
in  the  room  to  hold  up  their  hands  and  vote  whether 
they  would  take  an  extra  lesson  in  arithmetic.  Per- 
haps some  of  the  children  would  look  around  to  see 
how  the  others  were  going  to  vote.  Some  might  vote 
so  as  to  get  favor  with  the  teacher.  But  suppose  that 
all  the  scholars  voted  Yes  or  No  on  bits  of  paper,  and 
no  one  knew  what  any  one  else  wrote.  Then  the 
teacher  would  find  out  exactly  what  the  children 
really  wished  about  the  extra  lesson.  The  Austra- 
lian ballot  works  in  this  way.  The  voter  does  not 
have  to  think  whether  his  vote  will  please  his  neigh- 
bors or  his  employer. 

How  can  the  people  really  know  who  is  the  best  man 
in  all  the  city  to  choose  as  their  mayor,  or  who  will 
make  the  best  school  committee  ?  Most  of  us  know 
only  a  few  of  our  neighbors,  and  out  of  all  whom  we 
know  there  may  not  be  one  man  who  is  wise  enough 
to  manage  the  affairs  of  a  great  city.  The  fathers  of 
the  pupils  may  be  good  men,  and  yet  they  may  not 
have  had  any  experience  in  managing  the  business 
of  a  city.  The  truth  is,  most  of  the  people  do  not 


Voting,  or  Choosing  Our  Leaders.       117 


know,  without  being  told  by  others,  whom  to  choose 
as  their  mayor.  Most  men  have  to  make  up  their 
minds  by  what  they  hear  and  by  reading  the  news- 
papers. This  is  one  reason  why  every  voter  needs 
to  know  how  to  read. 

There  are  generally  two  or  three  parties  into  which 
nearly  all  the  people  are  divided.  The  men  of  each 
party  hold  meetings 
before  every  elec- 
tion. Such  a  meeting 
is  called  a  caucus. 
Thus  men  really 
vote  before  the  vot- 
ing day,  so  as  to 
see  whom  the  party 
will  try  to  elect.  You 
have  all  heard  the 
rather  long  names  of 
some  of  these  par- 
ties :  Democrats,  Re- 
publicans, Populists, 
Prohibitionists,  the 
Citizens'  Party.  After  the  various  parties  have  chosen 
their  candidates,  the  people  have  a  chance  to  inquire 
what  kind  of  men  they  are.  The  newspapers  tell  us 
about  them,  where  they  were  born,  what  schools  they 
went  to,  what  their  business  has  been,  whether  they 
have  done  good,  honest  service  for  the  people  or  not. 
Sometimes  different  papers  tell  opposite  things  about 
the  same  man.  But  generally,  if  a  man  is  true  and 


Inli.i  i i  smi 


FEDERAL  BUILDING,   1789. 

On  the  balcony  of  this  building  on 
Wall  Street,  in  New  York  City,  Wash- 
ington was  inaugurated  as  the  first  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States. 


n8  The  Young  Citizen. 

faithful  and  a  good  friend  to  the  people,  you  can 
tell  whether  he  can  be  trusted  to  hold  office. 

It  would  not  be  possible,  however,  for  the  people 
to  find  out  the  character  of  all  the  officers  who  must 
serve  them  in  a  great  city.  We  do  not  therefore  try 
to  vote  for  all.  We  do  not  vote  for  the  captains  of  the 
police  force,  or  for  the  men  in  the  fire  department,  or 
for  the  clerks  in  the  city  hall.  We  charge  the  mayor 
alone,  or  the  mayor  and  the  aldermen,  with  the  duty 
of  appointing  for  us  the  best  men  whom  they  can 
find  to  serve  us  in  most  of  the  city  business.  Neither 
do  we  every  year  turn  out  the  captains  of  the  city  work- 
men, or  the  men  who  keep  the  money  and  the  accounts 
at  the  city  hall.  If  they  are  good  men,  the  longer 
they  serve  us  the  better  they  become ;  they  get  prac- 
tice and  experience ;  whereas  new  and  green  hands 
would  be  just  as  wasteful  in  the  city  as  they  would  be 
in  a  mill,  or  in  a  store  or  shop. 

Therefore  we  say  to  the  mayor :  see  to  it  that  the 
business  of  all  the  city  shall  be  well  done ;  if  any  men 
are  not  doing  their  part  well,  appoint  better  men  in 
their  place ;  but  if  you  find  good  men  in  office,  keep 
them  as  long  as  you  can.  Is  not  this  best  for  all  the 
people,  who  are  too  busy  to  stop  and  find  out  for 
themselves  about  all  the  men  in  the  pay  and  service 
of  their  city  ? 

You  can  suppose  that  all  the  pupils  in  a  school 
once  a  month  chose  their  own  monitors  and  a  presi- 
dent for  every  class.  You  can  suppose  that  the 
boys  chose  their  most  skilful  fellows  to  play  as  a 


Voting,  or  Choosing  Our  Leaders.       119 

school  nine,  or  to  make  up  a  foot-ball  team.  How 
would  you  like  it  if  a  little  group  of  some  of  the 
most  selfish  boys  and  girls  in  the  school  tried  to  get 
themselves  elected  to  the  offices  ?  What  if  some  one, 
instead  of  waiting  to  see  whether  the  class  really 
wished  him  to  be  its  president,  bribed  the  younger 
ones  with  candy  and  soda-water  and  so  got  the 
election  without  deserving  it  ?  Would  this  be  a  real 
and  true  honor  ?  Or,  worse  yet,  suppose  the  captain 
of  the  school  team  got  himself  chosen  by  bullying  the 
little  boys,  or  by  treating  his  fellows,  while  the  best 
player,  being  a  modest  boy,  was  set  aside.  Would 
not  the  boys  be  very  indignant  when  they  found  out 
that  they  had  been  imposed  upon  in  this  way  ? 

It  happens  often  that  the  people  of  a  city  are 
imposed  upon  in  the  same  way.  The  salaries  and 
the  wages  paid  to  the  men  who  do  the  city  work 
are  not  too  large  for  thorough  and  skilled  men. 
But  this  pay  looks  very  large  to  incompetent  per- 
sons who  are  thinking  of  the  salary  instead  of  think- 
ing about  the  work  to  be  done.  There  are  always 
some  such  men  who  try  to  get  the  offices  and  the 
pay  for  themselves  and  for  their  friends.  Sometimes 
they  do  a  very  base  thing  :  they  give  money  and  bribe 
the  voters  to  elect  them ;  or  they  contrive  to  elect 
careless  men  who  will  appoint  them  to  fill  the  offices 
in  return  for  their  help  in  the  election. 

Let  us  trust  that  these  men  do  not  quite  know  how 
much  harm  all  this  does,  to  the  public  service,  and 
how  waste  and  expense  thus  come  upon  the  poor; 


I2O  The  Young  Citizen. 

for  if  there  is  bad  government,  the  poor  are  likely  to 
suffer  more  than  the  rich.  Indeed,  it  costs  more  for 
every  one  to  live  in  a  badly  managed  city,  just  as  it 
costs  more  to  pay  the  bills  in  a  badly  managed  house 
or  hotel. 

We  can  suppose  that  we  all  owned  shares  in  a  great 
Atlantic  liner.  Should  we  choose  the  captain  merely 
because  he  was  our  friend,  or  rather  because  he  was 
the  ablest  seaman  to  steer  his  ship  over  the  sea  ? 
Should  we  choose  a  chief  engineer  who  knew  noth- 
ing about  the  care  of  the  mammoth  engine  ?  Not 
if  he  were  the  j oiliest  good  fellow  in  the  world. 
Should  we  let  landsmen  pick  out  the  crew  of  our 
ship,  or  should  we  not  rather  insist  that  the  captain 
should  choose  his  own  crew  ?  Should  we  respect  the 
captain  himself,  if  he  got  his  place  by  promising  to 
take  as  his  mate  one  of  the  owners  of  the  ship  who 
knew  nothing  at  all  about  sailing  the  ocean  ? 

But  a  city  is  greater  than  any  ship.  The  lives  and 
happiness  of  many  more  people  depend  upon  the  skill, 
the  character,  the  good-will,  the  fidelity  of  the  officers 
of  a  city,  than  upon  the  captain  and  crew  of  any  ship. 
The  passengers  of  a  ship  may  take  only  one  short 
voyage  in  her.  But  people  may  live  all  their  days  in 
one  city.  The  lives  of  a  whole  army  of  children  are 
in  the  hands  of  the  men  who  steer  a  great  city.  Are 
not  the  people  very  foolish  if  they  vote  for  the  wrong 
men,  instead  of  taking  pains  to  find  whom  they  can 
trust  ? 


CHAPTER   XVII. 

THE  PEOPLE'S  MONEY. 

WE  have  seen  that  we  all  own  together  a  great 
deal  of  property,  —  houses  and  lands  and  machines 
and  horses  and  wagons.  The  town  or  the  city 
also  has  large  sums  of  money.  One  of  our  officers 
is  a  treasurer.  In  some  cities  he  is  chosen  or  voted 
for  by  the  people  on  election  day.  In  others  he  is 
appointed  by  the  mayor.  His  duty  is  to  take  charge 
of  all  the  people's  money,  to  pay  it  out  when  the 
town  or  city  needs  to  purchase  supplies,  and  to  keep 
a  careful  account  of  every  dollar. 

The  treasurer  must  be  perfectly  honest.  He  must 
not  have  any  temptation  to  take  any  of  the  people's 
money  intrusted  to  him.  He  must  not  think  of  bor- 
rowing any  of  this  money  for  himself,  even  if  he 
could  pay  it  back  twice  over.  This  money  is  a  trust, 
and  a  treasurer  therefore  has  to  be  more  careful  of 
it  than  he  is  of  his  own  money. 

The  treasurer  must  not  only  be  honest ;  he  must 
be  entirely  accurate,  he  must  not  make  any  blunders 
or  mistakes,  he  must  count  correctly,  and  he  must 
never  forget  to  put  down  in  his  books  every  smallest 
item  of  money  that  comes  in  or  goes  out.  No  care- 

121 


Ill 


The  Young  Citizen. 


less  person  can  ever  be  a  good  treasurer,  not  even  if 
he  is  honest.  The  treasurer  of  the  people's  money 
must  also  be  brave ;  he  must  never  be  persuaded, 
or  frightened,  or  forced  to  give  up  the  money  in  his 
charge.  If  a  faithful  watch-dog  will  lay  down  his  life 
for  the  protection  of  his  master's  house,  so  will  a  good 


U.  S.  TREASURY   BUILDING,   WASHINGTON,   D.C. 

Here  are  many  offices  and  a  little  army  of  clerks  and  book- 
keepers. In  the  basement  are  great  vaults  or  safes,  filled  with  the 
people's  money.  "  Uncle  Sam  "  must  set  a  good  example  to  his 
people  and  pay  all  his  bills  exactly  as  he  promised. 

treasurer  die  if   need   be  in   guarding   the   people's 
property. 

He  must  also  be  courteous  and  kindly  in  his  man- 
ner. Like  the  mayor,  he  stands  for  the  people,  and 
must  show  himself  worthy  of  them.  He  must  be 
sure  to  treat  men  as  men,  whether  they  are  rich  or 


The  People's   Money.  123 

poor;  whether  they  are  dressed  in  good  clothes 
or  in  shabby  clothes. 

The  treasurer  may  have  a  number  of  men  and 
women  to  help  him  in  his  office,  to  collect  money, 
and  to  keep  big  account  books.  They  must  also 
be,  like  the  treasurer,  honest,  accurate,  trustworthy, 
and  civil  to  everybody.  One  thing  for  which  the 
good  scholars  in  arithmetic  and  bookkeeping  in  our 
schools  are  being  fitted,  is  to  make  the  kind  of  men 
and  women  who  can  be  trusted  to  keep  the  money 
of  the  city. 

What  does  the  city  or  town  do  with  its  public 
money  ?  You  can  easily  guess.  A  good  deal  of  it 
goes  at  once  to  pay  for  keeping  the  schools  open. 
It  goes  also  for  paying  the  salaries  of  policemen,  and 
firemen,  and  all  the  men  and  women  who  do  work 
for  the  people,  or  in  other  words,  the  public  work 
that  we  all  club  together  to  pay  for.  Indeed,  we 
could  hardly  do  it  at  all,  unless  we  agreed  to  pay  for 
it  together.  How  could  we  otherwise  get  a  supply 
of  pure  water  from  the  distant  streams  or  springs, 
and  bring  it  into  all  the  narrow  streets  of  the  town  ? 
Or,  how  could  we  lay  great  sewer  pipes  and  carry 
away  all  the  refuse  from  our  homes  ?  These  things 
cost  a  great  deal  of  money.  Most  of  the  people  are 
too  busy  and  too  poor  to  do  such  things  for  them- 
selves ;  and,  therefore,  all  the  citizens  agree  or  vote 
to  spend  the  public  money  to  make  the  city  clean, 
healthy,  safe,  and  comfortable. 

Should  you  not  think  that  the  cities  and   towns 


124  The  Young  Citizen. 

would  become  poor  by  spending  millions  of  dollars 
of  the  people's  money  every  year  ?  They  would 
become  poor  if  this  money  went,  as  in  the  old  days, 
to  the  support  of  great  lords  and  kings,  living  in 
their  palaces,  and  lavishing  the  money  upon  them- 
selves and  their  favorites.  Our  cities  suffer  now, 
as  we  have  seen,  if  selfish  men  waste  or  steal  their 
money. 

But  we  intend  to  lay  out  our  public  money 
so  that  every  one  will  be  richer  and  better  off.  If 
the  roads  and  streets  are  good,  all  the  teamsters  and 
the  merchants  can  do  more  business.  If  the  city  is 
healthy,  people  will  live  longer  and  they  will  not 
have  to  pay  such  large  bills  for  doctors  and  nurses. 
The  streets  when  well  lighted  at  night  become  safer 
to  walk  and  drive  on.  The  schools  enable  thousands 
of  children  to  become  more  intelligent  and  skilful, 
and  able  to  earn  better  wages  as  soon  as  they  go  to 
work. 

There  is  a  farmer  who  spends  money  enough  to 
have  the  best  tools  and  wagons  and  mowing  or  reap- 
ing machines,  and  good  horses  and  the  best  kind  of 
cows.  He  keeps  his  barns  in  repair  and  feeds  his 
cattle  generously ;  and  he  takes  care  of  his  machines 
and  tools.  Altogether  he  spends  a  great  deal  of 
money  upon  his  farm,  and  he  employs  men  to  help 
him. 

Alongside  of  this  farmer  is  another  who  fears  to 
spend  anything ;  he  is  a  miser.  He  has  no  tools  but 
old  and  broken  ones ;  he  has  no  machinery  to  help 


The  People's   Money.  125 

do  his  work ;  he  will  not  pay  workmen  to  help  him. 
He  will  not  buy  the  best  cows  or  horses.  The  rain 
leaks  through  the  roof  of  his  barn.  His  cattle  suffer 
with  the  cold. 

Which  of  these  men,  do  you  think,  will  make  the 
most  money  out  of  his  farm  :  the  one  who  spends 
as  little  as  he  can ;  or  the  first,  who  lays  out  money 
to  keep  everything  in  good  working  order  ? 

A  city  is  somewhat  like  a  great  farm.  The  city  is 
not  poorer,  but  richer,  when  its  people  spend  money 
to  keep  it  in  excellent  condition.  Men  hear  about 
such  a  city,  and  they  come  to  live  in  it,  and  to  edu- 
cate their  children  there.  Strangers  come  to  visit  it, 
and  to  buy  goods  and  to  spend  money  there  in  many 
ways.  Its  people,  being  intelligent,  do  better  work 
and  get  better  pay  on  account  of  their  schools  and 
public  libraries.  As  Black  Beauty,  the  horse,  in  the 
story,  worked  better  for  being  comfortable  and  happy, 
so  the  people  are  more  prosperous  for  being  well 
and  happy,  for  having  parks  and  public  gardens  and 
playgrounds. 


CHAPTER   XVIII. 

THE  TAXES,  OR  SHARING  AND  SHARING  ALIKE. 

WE  generally  use  the  word  share  when  something 
good  is  to  be  divided  among  a  number  of  persons. 
We  use  the  same  word  also  when  something  is  to  be 
done.  We  say  that  each  one  ought  to  do  his  fair 
share  of  the  work,  or  to  pay  his  share  of  the  cost, 
just  as  each  expects  to  enjoy  his  share  of  the  pleasure 
or  the  profit  that  comes  from  the  work. 

Every  one  is  eager  to  have  his  share  of  the  enjoy- 
ment of  what  the  city  offers,  of  the  parks  and  the 
library  and  the  highways ;  every  one  wants  to  have 
a  full  share  of  the  public  money  laid  out  in  his  own 
part  of  the  city;  every  one  desires  a  good  sidewalk 
in  front  of  his  own  house.  But  what  shall  we  say 
about  the  work  and  the  cost  that  must  go  to  make  a 
fine  city  ?  Is  every  one  eager  to  do  his  fair  share  of 
this  work,  or  to  contribute  his  part  of  the  cost  ?  Let 
us  see  whether  any  honest  man  can  want  to  get  his 
fair  share,  and  not  be  willing  to  do  his  fair  share  too. 

We  talk  about  the  "  public  money."  But  where 
does  the  public  money  come  from  ?  It  comes  from 
the  pockets  of  the  people.  In  other  words,  it  comes 
from  the  work,  the  earnings,  the  wages,  the  salaries, 

126 


The  Taxes.  127 

the  income  of  all  the  people.  This  money  that  the 
people  have  to  pay  is  called  a  tax.  But  this  tax  is 
not  the  same  amount  of  money  for  every  one.  Would 
it  be  fair  or  just  if  a  poor  man  in  a  little  house  paid 
as  much  as  a  rich  man  in  a  big  house  ?  Every  one, 
therefore,  must  pay  taxes  according  to  the  amount  of 
property  that  he  owns.  If  he  has  lands  and  houses 
and  a  large  income,  and  spends  much  upon  himself 
every  year,  he  ought  to  pay  also  largely  for  the  good 
of  the  city.  You  would  not  think  any  man  would  be 
so  mean  as  to  wish  to  get  off  with  paying  a  cent  less 
than  his  share ! 

Suppose  a  party  of  boys  were  working  hard  with 
spades  and  wheelbarrows  to  lay  out  and  level  a  tennis- 
court.  You  would  not  think  that  the  little  boys  ought 
to  do  as  much  work  and  wheel  as  much  earth  as  the 
large  and  strong  fellows.  Suppose  a  big  boy  could 
do  as  much  in  an  hour  as  a  smaller  boy  in  the  whole 
afternoon ;  you  would  not  think  that  the  big  boy 
would  wish  to  quit  work  at  the  end  of  the  hour  and 
leave  the  little  one  to  toil  all  day.  Least  of  all  would 
you  think  that  any  boy  would  be  so  mean  as  to  get 
rid  of  his  own  share  of  work  and  so  make  the  others 
do  his  work  for  him.  What  boy  would  have  the  face 
to  come  and  use  the  tennis-court,  after  having  shirked 
his  work  and  run  away  while  the  others  were  digging 
and  wheeling  earth  ?  We  say,  let  us  all  "  share  and 
share  alike,"  in  the  fun  and  in  the  work  too. 

So  we  say  of  our  taxes.  Suppose  we  divide  all  the 
cost  of  our  town  or  city,  and  find  that  the  average  tax, 


128  The  Young  Citizen. 

if  every  one  could  pay  the  same  amount,  would  be, 
say  fifty  dollars  for  every  family.  Indeed,  in  some 
cities  it  would  be  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  for 
every  family.  Perhaps  your  teacher  or  your  father 
can  find  out  how  much  the  average  tax  for  every 
family  is  in  your  own  town  or  city. 

Now  in  some  families  the  children  would  not  have 
enough  to  eat  if  the  father  had  to  pay  as  much  as 
fifty  dollars  a  year  for  his  tax  to  the  city.  Even  if  a 
man  earned  two  dollars  every  day,  you  see  that  it 
would  take  twenty-five  days,  or  about  a  month,  to 
earn  the  amount  of  his  tax. 

How  large  a  tax  do  you  think  that  a  rich  man, 
who  spends  twenty  or  more  dollars  a  day  on  his 
own  living,  ought  to  pay  in  order  to  do  his  fair  share 
of  the  city  work  along  with  his  poor  neighbor  ?  If 
the  poorer  man  pays  fifty  dollars,  probably  the  other 
ought  not  to  pay  less  than  five  hundred  dollars.  But 
if  the  poorer  man's  family  would  suffer  in  being 
obliged  to  pay  fifty  dollars,  ought  not  the  other  to 
pay  more  than  five  hundred  dollars  in  order  to  do 
his  just  part?  In  fact,  do  you  not  think  that  the 
richer  man  ought  to  prefer  out  of  his  abundance  to 
do  more  than  his  part  rather  than  less  ? 

It  is  not  always  easy  to  know  how  much  each  citi- 
zen pays  as  his  tax.  There  is  a  tax  on  every  house 
and  shop  and  piece  of  ground  in  town.  If  your 
father  owns  the  house  you  live  in,  he  must  pay  the 
tax  directly,  so  many  dollars  a  year,  to  the  town  or 
city  treasurer.  But  suppose  he  hires  the  house  of 


The  Taxes.  129 

some  one  else.  The  other  man,  the  owner  of  the 
house,  then  pays  the  tax,  but  is  very  apt  to  think 
that  the  man  who  lives  in  the  house  ought  to  pay  the 
tax  back  to  him.  If  he  can  he  makes  the  rent  of  the 
house  high  enough  to  cover  his  tax.  Whoever  pays 
the  rent,  therefore,  is  likely  every  month  to  pay  a 
part  of  the  tax.  Thus  poor  men  often  pay  more 
taxes  than  they  think. 

Why  cannot  a  city  have  property  of  its  own,  as  a 
rich  man  has,  and  so  get  money  without  taxing  its 
people  ?  A  few  cities  do  have  property  from  which 
they  make  money.  A  city  may  own  wharves  and 
rent  them.  The  city  may  have  buildings, — for  in- 
stance, a  market-house.  The  city  of  Philadelphia 
once  owned  its  gas  works.  Glasgow  in  Scotland,  and 
other  cities,  own  street  railways.  But  no  city  in  the 
world  is  rich  enough  to  live  without  asking  its  people 
to  pay  taxes. 

What  does  a  city  do  when  once  in  a  while  it  needs 
a  vast  deal  of  money,  for  instance,  to  build  a  new 
high  school  or  city  hall,  or  to  lay  out  a  new  park  ? 
It  might  raise  a  little  higher  tax  that  year,  and  pay 
for  its  new  building  as  fast  as  it  is  erected.  In  fact, 
however,  most  cities  borrow  money  for  such  great 
pieces  of  work.  There  are  rich  men,  or  perhaps  sav- 
ings-banks, that  are  very  willing  to  lend  money  to  a 
city.  By  and  by  the  city  must  pay  back  every  dollar 
of  the  borrowed  money.  Very  likely  it  will  borrow 
again  in  order  to  pay  its  debt  as  fast  as  it  is  due. 
The  debt  of  some  cities  is  nearly  as  large  as  the 


130  The  Young  Citizen. 

value  of  all  their  public  property,  parks  and  build- 
ings and  everything  else.  The  debt  of  the  city  of 
Boston  is  about  one  hundred  dollars  for  every  man, 
woman,  and  child  in  the  city. 

We  think  it  is  rather  bad  business  for  a  man  to  be 
in  debt.  If  he  wishes  to  buy  a  new  bicycle  or  his 
wife  wishes  to  paper  her  dining  room,  we  think  he 
had  better  contrive  to  pay  for  this  extra  work  out  of 
his  salary  or  income.  The  man  who  goes  into  debt 
and  borrows  whenever  he  wants  anything  is  likely  to 
become  reckless  and  wasteful.  Neither,  in  the  long 
run,  is  he  as  well  off,  for  he  has  to  pay  ever  so  much 
interest,  and  his  debts  always  stare  him  in  the  face. 

Do  you  not  think  it  would  be  better  if  our  towns 
and  cities  were  more  careful  about  borrowing  money  ? 
You  know  that  whoever  borrows  money  must  each 
year  pay  a  certain  sum  as  interest.  Cities  and  towns 
must  pay  interest  also.  Since  they  borrow  great 
amounts  of  money,  they  are  obliged  to  pay  large 
sums,  in  the  case  of  great  cities,  millions  of  dollars 
every  year.  The  taxes  are  made  larger  in  conse- 
quence. The  poor  as  well  as  the  rich  have  to  bear 
this  burden  of  expense  for  borrowed  money. 

If  to-day  Boston  and  Chicago  and  New  York  had 
no  interest  money  to  pay,  these  cities  could  have  all 
the  fine  new  school  buildings  they  need,  and  public 
music  halls  besides,  without  either  borrowing  money 
or  raising  any  more  taxes. 

There  is  an  old  saying  that  "the  borrower  is  the 
servant  of  the  lender."  The  people  who  pay  interest 


The  Taxes.  131 

help  support  those  who  lend  money.  Do  you  sup- 
pose it  is  good  for  our  country  to  have  a  great  many 
of  its  people  always  in  debt,  while  others  live  by 
lending  their  money  instead  of  working  ?  Ought  not 
every  one  in  the  land  to  be  doing  some  useful  work 
for  the  sake  of  the  rest  ? 


CHAPTER   XIX. 

THE    CITY    BEAUTIFUL,    OR    WHAT    WE    WISH    FOR    OUR 
CITY. 

LET  us  try  to  imagine  now  the  best  kind  of  city, 
such  as  we  should  like  to  live  in.  It  will  do  no 
harm  if  we  imagine  a  greater  and  more  beautiful 
city  than  any  which  now  exists  in  Europe  or  Amer- 
ica. It  will  do  no  harm  to  wish  for  a  city  so  fine 
that  it  will  take  more  than  a  hundred  years  to  bring 
it  about.  It  is  not  necessary,  therefore,  that  the 
children  who  help  make  this  picture  of  a  city  shall 
all  live  now  in  any  actual  city.  Some  of  them  may 
live  on  farms  in  the  country ;  some  may  always  con- 
tinue to  live  in  the  country.  Nevertheless,  they  can 
help  us  to  tell  what  kind  of  a  city  they  would  like 
now  and  then  to  visit. 

In  the  first  place,  let  us  suppose  that  we  are 
approaching  our  fine  city  on  a  railroad  train  or  by 
the  electric  cars.  What  shall  we  see  ?  Not,  as  we 
often  see  in  approaching  a  city,  wretched,  ugly,  tumble- 
down buildings  and  mean  tenement  houses,  so  that  we 
wish  to  shut  our  eyes  before  the  train  arrives  at  the 
station,  —  but  houses  with  little  gardens  about  them, 
and  flowers  in  their  windows,  and  trees  by  the  sides 

132 


The  City  Beautiful.  133 

of  the  streets.  Even  the  workshops  and  factories 
will  have  vines  on*  their  walls  wherever  vines  will 
grow.  The  people  of  our  city  do  not  like  to  look 
upon  ugly  and  ruinous  things,  or  to  let  children  grow 
up  in  narrow,  dingy  attics  and  cellars  without  light 
or  air.  Every  family  in  the  city  has  some  comfort- 
able space,  and  as  fast  as  possible  a  house  for  itself. 
The  poor,  as  well  as  the  rich,  therefore,  live  a  little 
outside  of  the  busy,  crowded  centre  of  the  town, 
where  the  banks  and  stores  are. 

As  we  pass  along,  we  see  no  glaring  bills  or 
posters  painted  or  printed  on  the  walls  and  fences  to 
advertise  all  kinds  of  quack  medicines  and  absurd 
shows.  People  have  become  tired  of  seeing  every 
rock  and  field  disfigured. 

As  soon  as  we  arrive  within  the  city  and  begin  to 
walk  about,  we  shall  admire  the  cleanness  of  the 
streets.  The  people  do  not  throw  bits  of  paper  and 
other  dirty  things  into  the  gutters.  No  one  ever 
spits  upon  the  side-walks.  The  pavements  are 
smooth,  so  that  there  is  the  least  possible  noise  or 
jolting  as  you  ride  over  them.  No  one  upon  the 
streets  is  smoking.  People  have  made  up  their 
minds  that  it  is  a  nuisance  and  bad  manners  to  blow 
tobacco-smoke  into  other  people's  faces.  They  no 
more  think  of  smoking  on  the  crowded  streets  than 
of  eating  their  lunches  there. 

You  turn  to  ask  your  way  of  some  one.  Any  one 
will  be  glad  to  stop  and  answer  a  stranger's  ques- 
tions. The  people  are  busy,  but  they  do  not  look 


134 


The  Young  Citizen. 


jaded  and  restless  and  anxious,  as  if  they  had  not  a 
friend  in  the  world.  On  the  Contrary,  they  look 
contented,  happy,  and  friendly. 

You  wish  to  see  some  of  the  public  buldings.     They 
are  the   noblest    buildings    in   the    city.       They    are 


ASHLAND   BOULEVARD,   CHICAGO. 

The  doctors  tell  us  that  if  we  kept  all  our  streets  perfectly  clean, 
like  this  beautiful  Chicago  avenue,  we  should  save  the  lives  of 
thousands  of  people  every  year,  who  now  catch  disease  by  breath- 
ing poisonous  dust. 

simple,  but  they  are  built  upon  honor  so  as  to  last  for 
centuries.  All  the  schoolhouses  have  ample  play- 
grounds about  them.  There  are  gymnasiums  for  both 
boys  and  girls  in  every  quarter  of  the  city.  This 


The  City  Beautiful.  135 

accounts  for  the  handsome  appearance  and  the  erect 
bearing  of  the  children  whom  you  see  going  to  and 
from  school.  There  are  baths,  too,  free  to  all  the 
people.  No  boy  or  girl  grows  up  without  learning 
to  swim.  Even  in  the  winter,  the  public  baths  are 
open  just  as  in  the  summer. 

We  must  visit  the  city  hall,  where  the  mayor's 
office  is,  and  the  treasurer's,  and  the  rooms  for  the 
city  council.  All  the  business  of  the  city  is  carried 
on  here.  The  big  building  is  not  huddled  away  in  a 
narrow  street,  and  crowded  upon  by  shops  and  stores. 
It  occupies  a  great  square,  and  has  a  garden  about  it. 

We  now  go  to  the  fire  engine  houses.  There  are 
powerful  electric  engines  for  putting  out  fires, 
but  the  men  tell  us  that  there  are  not  many  fires. 
People  now  build  solid  and  fireproof  houses  and 
stores.  No  one  is  allowed  to  keep  a  great  wooden 
fire-trap,  full  of  danger  to  all  the  city. 

We  ask  for  the  police  stations  and  the  jails.  They 
are  not  on  the  main  streets,  and  they  are  very  plain 
buildings.  It  is  the  pride  of  the  city  that  the  police- 
men have  to  arrest  but  few  people.  Moreover,  when 
any  one  is  found  who  has  so  little  regard  for  his 
neighbors  as  to  steal  goods  and  money,  to  assault 
another,  or  to  be  drunken  and  violent,  he  is  sent 
away  from  the  city  altogether.  The  city  has  a 
reform  school  and  farm  away  off  in  the  country ;  no 
one  can  return  from  the  reform  school  to  the  city  to 
live,  unless  he  is  prepared  to  work  for  his  living  like 
a  good  and  friendly  citizen. 


136  The  Young  Citizen. 

As  we  walk  the  streets  we  are  surprised  to  see  no 
liquor  saloons.  The  people  have  decided  that  these 
saloons  are  a  nuisance,  so  that  no  one  now  wants 
to  see  them  open.  They  made  people  drunk  and 
unhappy.  If  any  one  really  needs  wine  or  anything 
of  that  sort,  there  are  public  stores  where  such 
things  can  be  bought.  But  no  one  can  loaf  about  in 
these  places.  Neither  is  any  one  allowed  to  make 
any  money  by  selling  intoxicating  drinks. 

What  do  all  the  men  do  in  our  fine  city,  who  used 
to  spend  their  evenings  in  the  liquor  saloons  ?  They 
must  have  some  way  of  enjoying  themselves.  In 
every  ward  or  district  of  the  city  there  are  ward  build- 
ings and  halls,  where  at  election  times  the  citizens 
have  their  meetings  or  caucuses.  These  halls  belong 
to  the  people,  and  they  are  kept  clean  and  warm  and 
light  all  the  time.  They  have  reading  rooms  where 
men  can  read  and  write  if  they  wish.  They  contain 
branches  of  the  public  library,  so  that  the  people 
can  get  books  near  their  homes.  There  are  "  smok- 
ing rooms  "  where  men  can  talk  with  their  friends. 
There  are  rooms  for  games,  too,  where  no  smoking 
is  allowed,  and  where  children  can  play  within  certain 
hours,  when  the  older  people  are  not  using  them. 

In  every  one  of  these  halls  there  is  a  refresh- 
ment room.  The  city  health  officers  see  that  every- 
thing sold  in  it  is  excellent  and  wholesome,  and  the 
charges  are  low.  There  are  other  conveniences  for 
the  citizens  and  for  strangers.  The  hall  is  used  fre- 
quently for  entertainments,  and  especially  for  con- 


The  City   Beautiful.  137 

certs  of  music.  These  are  often  given  by  the  city, 
which  keeps'  a  staff  of  public  organists  and  other 
musicians,  out  of  the  money  that  once  had  to  be 
spent  for  supporting  idle  and  harmful  people. 

Throughout  the  city  there  are  many  beautiful 
churches.  But  no  one  asks  whether  they  belong  to 
the  rich  or  the  poor.  For  all  use  them  alike.  They 
welcome  every  one  within  their  doors.  No  one  is 
given  a  better  seat  because  of  the  fine  clothes  that  he 
wears.  The  people  learn  in  their  churches  to  be 
true,  honorable,  courteous,  and  gentle,  as  well  as 
reverent  and  fearless.  Any  one  would  be  ashamed 
to  come  away  from  his  church  and  cheat  or  injure  his 
neighbor.  People  differ  in  some  things  about  their 
religion,  but  all  agree  in  good-will  toward  one  an- 
other. All  hold  the  religion  of  "  loving  their  neigh- 
bors as  themselves." 

Let  us  now  take  a  carriage  or  an  electric  car  and 
go  through  the  magnificent  driveways  and  parks. 
The  whole  city  is  dotted  with  these  public  grounds. 
No  one  has  to  go  far  to  find  an  open  breathing  space. 
Wherever  there  is  a  fine  view  by  the  river  side,  or 
over  the  harbor,  or  upon  a  hilltop,  the  city  has  given 
its  people  an  entrance  to  it.  There  are  miles  of 
walks  by  the  water.  We  can  also  see  the  gardens 
around  the  hospitals  for  the  sick,  and  about  the 
public  homes  where  old  men  and  women  who  have 
no  children  of  their  own  to  live  with,  are  kindly  cared 
for. 

We  see  men  at  work  in  various  places  in  the  pay 


ij 8  The  Young  Citizen. 

of  the  city.  No  one  is  obliged  to  work  more  than 
eight  hours  a  day  at  the  most.  But  all  are  doing  the 
city  work  exactly  as  if  it  were  their  own.  Is  it  not 
really  their  own  work  ?  Is  it  not  also  work  for  the 
sake  of  their  own  friends,  neighbors,  and  fellow-citi- 
zens ?  No  one  thinks  of  shirking  or  dawdling.  It 
is  cheerful  and  happy  work ;  the  city  furnishes  the 
best  tools,  machines,  and  other  helps.  The  superin- 
tendents and  overseers  are  as  respectful  to  their  men 
as  if  they  were  brothers.  No  man  who  works  for  the 
city,  so  long  as  he  is  faithful,  is  in  any  more  danger 
of  losing  his  place  than  any  faithful  man  in  the  ser- 
vice of  a  wise  and  good  private  employer. 

Our  beautiful  city  does  much  more  for  its  people 
than  cities  did  in  old  times.  Perhaps  it  runs  the 
street-cars ;  it  may  supply  pure  milk  to  its  people : 
the  city  can  afford  to  do  more  than  cities  once  did. 
It  uses  its  money  without  waste  or  loss.  Its  officers 
are  honest,  and  are  always  looking  after  the  public 
welfare.  Its  people  are  happy  and  intelligent,  and 
every  one  wishes  to  purchase  goods  of  their  excellent 
workmanship.  Trade  and  business  are  good.  Visitors 
are  always  coming  to  the  city  from  all  parts  of  the 
world.  The  very  best  men  and  women  choose  this 
city  to  live  in.  Let  us  all  work  and  vote  to  help 
make  a  real  city  like  this  city  of  our  dreams.  It  is 
quite  possible  to  do  this. 


CHAPTER   XX. 

A    MODEL    TOWN. 

THE  people  who  live  in  cities  doubtless  have  much 
to  enjoy.  There  are  all  sorts  of  things  to  see  in  the 
shop  windows ;  new  buildings  are  always  being  erected. 
There  are  jostling  crowds  and  fine  carriages  upon  the 
streets ;  the  great  thoroughfares  at  night  are  almost 
as  bright  as  day ;  there  are  lectures  and  concerts  and 
plays.  A  great  deal  of  money  is  spent  to  make  peo- 
ple comfortable  and  happy.  But  it  is  very  doubtful 
whether  the  city  people  are  happier  than  the  people 
who  live  in  the  country. 

Let  us  count  up  some  of  the  good  things  that  the 
country  people  enjoy.  They  have  the  broad  fields 
and  the  orchards  and  woods,  and  maybe  the  ocean 
and  an  ample  view  of  the  great  sky  over  them.  They 
can  roam  about  freely,  and  when  the  grass  is  mown 
and  the  harvests  are  in,  they  can  climb  over  the  walls 
and  fences  and  go  almost  wherever  they  please,  as  if 
all  the  land  were  their  own.  The  city  boys  and  girls 
hardly  ever  see  the  cows  that  give  them  milk,  or  the 
lambs  at  play,  or  the  young  colts  frisking  in  their 
pastures.  The  country  children  can  make  friends 
and  pets  of  all  these  creatures.  They  can  hear  the 


140  The  Young  Citizen. 

birds  singing,  and  learn  the  secret  of  where  they 
make  their  nests.  The  boys  can  go  fishing  and  bath- 
ing. In  the  great  pine  forests  of  the  South  the  boys 
go  sliding  down  the  steep  hillsides  on  the  pine 
needles,  smooth  as  ice.  In  the  winter,  in  all  the 
Northern  country,  there  will  often  be  jolly  coasting, 
sleighing,  and  skating  parties. 

The  country  children  see  many  interesting  kinds 
of  work  going  on.  They  can  learn  to  harness  and 
drive  the  horses,  and  to  ride  bareback  or  in  the  sad- 
dle. They  can  learn  how  to  plant  and  sow  and  tend 
the  growing  corn,  the  peas  and  the  beans  and  the 
turnips.  City  children  often  do  not  know  the  differ- 
ence between  one  kind  of  plant  and  another,  between 
spruce  trees  and  pines,  between  maple  trees  and 
beeches.  But  the  country  children  learn  these  things 
as  easily  as  they  breathe. 

The  country  children  see  the  blacksmith  shoeing 
horses,  or  putting  tires  on  the  wagon-wheels.  They 
can  stand  inside  the  door  of  the  carpenter's  shop,  and 
perhaps  help  him  about  his  work.  They  can  watch 
the  cream  as  it  is  being  churned  into  butter,  and  see 
how  cheese  is  made.  In  the  country,  people  are  not 
often  obliged  to  put  up  notices  as  they  do  in  the  city, 
"  No  Admittance,"  or  "  Boys  not  wanted  Here."  If 
boys  and  girls  are  civil  and  do  not  stand  in  the  way, 
they  can  look  on  and  see  how  work  is  done.  Indeed, 
they  are  often  needed  to  help  their  fathers  or  mothers. 

There  are  towns  and  country  places  where  the  peo- 
ple are  exceedingly  well  off,  perhaps  better  off  than 


A   Model  Town.  141 

any  city  people  are.  You  will  find  broad  streets  or 
roads  arched  over  with  noble  trees.  You  will  see 
great  elms  and  oaks  and  chestnut  trees  that  were 
planted  long  ago  by  the  early  settlers  of  the  town. 
Excellent  roads,  as  good  as  in  any  city,  delightful  to 
walk  or  ride  over,  traverse  the  country  in  every 
direction. 

There  will  sometimes  be  several  villages  in  the 
township,  like  tiny  cities,  with  clean  sidewalks  and 
well  lighted  at  night.  The  houses  are  well  kept  and 
tidy,  and  have  nice  gardens  about  them,  with  flowers 
and  fruit  trees.  You  will  observe  the  schoolhouses, 
the  town  hall,  and  the  public  library.  The  city 
people  have  larger  buildings,  but  none  that  are  bet- 
ter. Neither  do  they  have  better  teachers  for  their 
schools. 

As  you  drive  about  the  town,  you  will  observe  what 
good  barns  and  stables  the  cattle  and  the  horses  live 
in.  These  country  people  want  their  animals  to  be 
as  comfortable  as  they  are  themselves.  Notice  the 
walls  and  fences ;  see  the  farm  tools  and  machinery ; 
everything  is  orderly.  There  is  a  place  for  every- 
thing, and  everything  seems  to  be  in  its  place.  It  is 
not  thought  quite  decent  in  this  town  to  have  broken 
glass  in  a  window,  or  to  keep  an  unsightly  woodpile 
in  front  of  a  house,  or  to  leave  the  horse-rake  in  the 
field  to  rust. 

Perhaps  some  one  wants  to  know  where  the  poor 
people  live  in  this  fine  town.  There  are  not  any 
really  poor  people.  Every  one  has  his  little  home 


142  The  Young  Citizen. 

and  a  bit  of  ground.  No  one  in  town  ever  suffers 
for  want  of  food.  Every  one  can  read  and  write. 
You  will  not  find  a  single  liquor  saloon  in  the  town. 
There  are  people  who  have  grownup  without  ever 
having  seen  a  drunken  man. 

Perhaps  you  will  be  on  the  main  street  in  the 
village  about  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning.  You 
may  look  up  and  see  a  great  covered  wagon, 
filled  with  children.  They  have  come  in  from  their 
homes,  two,  three,  or  four  miles  away,  to  attend 
school.  The  town  pays  for  bringing  them  to  school 
and  taking  them  home  every  day.  Once  there  were 
little  schoolhouses,  scattered  over  the  town,  in  every 
district  where  children  lived.  Little  children  and 
grown  boys  and  girls  went  to  school  together.  But 
the  school  committee  found  that  they  could  not 
provide  good  teachers  for  these  small  schools ; 
neither  could  the  same  teacher  give  proper  attention 
to  young  pupils  just  learning  to  read,  and  older  pupils 
who  wished  to  study  algebra  and  Latin.  The  com- 
mittee now  bring  all  the  school  children  in  the  town 
to  a  central  school,  and  they  place  them  in  the 
classes  where  they  each  belong,  some  in  primary 
classes,  some  in  the  grammar  school,  and  others 
in  the  high  school. 

The  model  town  is  always  looking  after  better 
ways  of  making  its  people  happy.  Perhaps  the 
town  needs  to  have  a  new  supply  of  pure  water, 
and  the  citizens  agree  or  vote  at  town  meeting  to 
spend  money  for  laying  the  pipes  and  pumping  the 


A  Model  Town.  143 

water.  There  will  be  lectures  and  entertainments  in 
the  town  hall  on  winter  evenings.  There  will  be 
good  and  fast  trains  on  the  railroad  to  convey  the 
people  who  wish  to  visit  the  neighboring  city.  City 
people  will  like  to  come  out  to  spend  their  summer 
in  such  a  fine  town,  or  even  to  live  there  all  the  year. 

How  is  it  that  one  town  can  be  vastly  better  to  live 
in  than  another  ?  It  depends  upon  the  character  of 
the  citizens.  In  some  towns  the  people  have  a  great 
deal  of  public  spirit ;  that  is,  they  are  generous,  en- 
lightened, and  civilized.  They  want  the  very  best 
things  for  themselves  and  their  children,  and  their 
neighbors  also.  Instead  of  being  selfish  and  miserly, 
they  are  willing  to  be  taxed  and  to  pay  their  money 
for  good  schools,  and  good  roads,  and  whatever  the 
whole  town  needs.  The  public-spirited  citizen  does 
not  say,  "  I  have  a  good  well  and  all  the  water  I 
want  for  myself;  I  do  not  wish  to  spend  money 
for  getting  water  for  other  people."  He  asks  whether 
it  will  be  for  the  good  of  the  whole  town  to  have  a 
public  water-supply,  and  he  votes  accordingly. 

The  public-spirited  citizen  is  not  so  mean  as  to  say : 
"  The  road  in  front  of  my  house  is  good  enough ;  I 
do  not  wish  to  pay  taxes  to  build  a  new  road  for  the 
people  at  the  other  end  of  this  town."  He  asks 
whether  the  new  road  is  needed.  Is  it  for  the  good 
of  the  town  ?  Is  it  not  fair  to  give  all  the  people  the 
benefit  of  good  roads  ? 

The  public-spirited  people  go  promptly  to  town 
meeting,  and  plan  together  for  the  welfare  of  their 


144  The  Young  Citizen. 

town.  They  will  not  choose  dishonest  selectmen 
or  treasurers,  but  they  seek  the  best  men  in  the 
town  for  these  offices.  They  do  not  ask  whether 
the  best  man  belongs  to  their  party,  or  to  their 
church,  or  whether  he  is  a  relative  of  their  own. 
They  only  need  to  know  that  he  is  wise  and  faith- 
ful, and  that  he  will  fill  the  office  for  the  good  of  the 
people.  Then  they  proceed  to  elect  him. 

Perhaps  you  have  seen  a  town  where  everything 
was  slack  and  slovenly.  The  houses  had  no  paint 
upon  them ;  the  barns  were  tumbling  to  ruin ;  the 
fences  were  down ;  old  hats  were  thrust  into  the 
broken  windows ;  there  were  liquor  saloons  in  the  vil- 
lage ;  you  could  see  through  the  cracks  in  the  walls 
of  the  mean  little  schoolhouses ;  no  one  ever  wished 
to  buy  a  farm  in  such  a  town.  What  was  the  trouble 
with  the  wretched  little  town.  Was  it  because  its 
people  were  poor  ?  But  what  made  and  kept  them 
poor  ?  It  was  because  the  people  lacked  generous, 
public  spirit.  They  were  narrow-minded,  mean,  and 
selfish  toward  their  own  town.  The  truth  is,  you 
never  can  have  a  model  town  till  its  citizens  learn 
to  be  generous,  to  work  together,  and  to  help  one 
another  in  making  their  town  comfortable,  pros- 
perous, and  happy. 


STATE  CAPITOL,    AUSTIN,   TEXAS. 

Texas  has  an  area  much  larger  than  the  Empire  of  Germany. 
What  a  great  duty  the  men  have  who  sit  in  its  Capitol,  and  what 
a  grand  chance  they  have  in  making  good  laws  for  millions  of 
people ! 


CHAPTER   XXI. 


OUR    STATE    AND    OUR    GOVERNOR. 

You  all  know  what  the  capital  of  your  State  is,  and 
how  far  away  it  is  from  where  you  live.  You  know 
how  your  State  is  bounded  and  what  other  States  are 
its  neighbors.  Perhaps  you  have  been  in  the  capital. 
The  State  House  is  there.  It  may  not  be  the  most 
beautiful  public  building  in  all  the  State,  but  it  is  very 
likely  the  largest  and  most  costly.  There  are  many 
handsome  offices  in  it,  and  two  chambers,  or  halls, 
where  the  men  meet  who  make  the  laws  for  the  peo- 

'45 


146  The  Young  Citizen. 

pie  of  the  State.  There  is  a  room  for  the  governor, 
and  probably  a  fine  library  with  many  books. 

We  have  seen  how  all  the  people  of  a  town  or  city 
join  or  club  together  in  managing  their  public  busi- 
ness. They  meet  for  themselves,  or  else  choose  some 
of  their  men  to  meet  in  their  behalf,  and  they  plan 
together  for  the  interests  of  the  people.  They  must 
all  bear  their  part  of  the  cost  of  taking  care  of  their 
town  or  city. 

Now  in  somewhat  the  same  way  all  the  towns  and 
cities,  or  in  some  States  the  counties  and  the  cities, 
join  together  and  select  men  to  do  business  for  all 
the  people  of  their  State.  It  would  never  be  possible 
to  get  all  the  hundreds  of  thousands,  or  even  millions, 
of  the  people  into  one  place.  But  every  year,  or 
every  two  years,  they  choose  men,  the  senators  from 
large  districts  of  the  State,  and  the  representatives 
from  the  cities  and  towns  or  counties,  to  go  to  the 
capital  and  talk  and  vote  in  their  name.  Whatever 
the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Representatives  agree 
to  do,  the  people  must  accept,  as  if  they  had  done 
it  themselves.  The  two  chambers,  the  Senate  and 
the  Representatives,  make  the  Legislature. 

Why  should  there  be  two  bodies  of  men,  instead  of 
one,  to  do  business  for  the  people  ?  We  can  only  say 
that  this  is  an  old  custom.  Some  think  that  it  is  a 
foolish  custom ;  others  say  that  two  bodies  of  men 
who  must  agree  about  everything  which  they  do,  are 
likely  to  be  more  careful  not  to  do  foolish  things.  It 
does  not  really  make  much  difference  whether  there 


Our  State  and   Our  Governor. 


*47 


are  two  chambers  or  only  one.  But  it  makes  a  great 
deal  of  difference  whether  the  people  choose  their 
best  men  to  go  to  the  State  House,  or  let  ignorant, 
selfish,  and  dishonest  men  go  to  represent  them. 


STATE  CAPITOL,   ALBANY,    N.Y. 

This  is  a  splendid  and  costly  building.  But  its  walls  tell  a  sad 
story  of  the  unfaithfulness  of  the  people's  servants  and  the  waste  of 
the  public  money. 

For  there  are  always  too  many  of  the  wrong  kind  of 
men  who  wish  to  sit  in  the  great  arm-chairs  in  the 
Senate  chamber,  or  in  the  Assembly  room  in  the 
State  House,  to  draw  the  pay  for  themselves  and 
to  have  a  hand  in  appointing  their  own  friends  to 


148  The  Young  Citizen. 

offices.  There  have  never  as  yet  been  enough  men 
who  go  to  the  State  House  for  the  good  of  the  people, 
and  for  that  only. 

As  the  city  has  a  mayor,  or  head  officer,  so  each 
State  has  a  governor.  He  is  the  highest  officer  in 
the  State.  His  duty  is  to  be  always  looking  out,  not 
for  the  interest  of  the  town  where  he  happens  to  live, 
or  the  city  where  he  owns  a  mill,  but  for  all  the  towns 
and  cities  and  all  the  counties  of  the  State.  He  is 
governor  for  the  sake  of  the  whole  State. 

Whenever  the  members  of  the  Legislature  meet  in 
the  State  House,  the  governor  sends  them  a  message 
or  letter  to  tell  them  what  he  thinks  is  needed  for  the 
welfare  of  the  State.  If  the  Legislature  makes  a  bad 
law  or  votes  to  waste  the  State  money,  the  governor 
must  tell  them  what  he  thinks  about  it,  and  he  must 
ask  them  to  vote  upon  it  more  carefully  again.  The 
rule  is  that  the  governor  must  sign  with  his  own  hand 
every  law  that  the  Legislature  makes.  If  he  thinks 
any  law  bad  for  the  people,  it  will  take  as  many  as 
two-thirds  of  the  senators  and  the  representatives  to 
pass  it  against  the  veto  of  the  governor. 

It  sometimes  happens  that  the  governor  does  not 
like  a  bill  or  law  well  enough  to  sign  it,  but  he  does 
not  object  to  it  enough  to  wish  to  veto  it.  In  this 
case,  after  a  certain  number  of  days,  it  becomes  law 
without  his  signing  it. 

The  members  of  the  Legislature  meet  to  talk  and 
plan  and  to  vote.  After  they  get  through  with 
making  plans  and  laws  for  the  good  of  the  State, 


UNIVERSITY 


Our  State  and  Our  (jovernor.  149 

they  go  to  their  own  homes,  where  most  of  them 
have  business  of  their  own.  There  are  regular  offi- 
cers or  servants  of  the  State,  who  give  their  whole 
time  to  carrying  out  the  votes  or  laws  that  the  Legis- 
lature passes.  The  governor  appoints  many  of  the 
chiefs,  or  superintendents,  of  the  work  of  the  State. 
In  some  States  he  appoints  judges  for  the  courts. 

You  can  see  what  a  wise  and  courageous  man  he 
needs  to  be  in  order  to  secure  first-rate  officers  to 
serve  the  people.  He  needs  to  know  who  the  good 
and  honest  men  and  women  are  in  all  parts  of  the 
State.  Like  the  mayor  of  a  city,  he  must  be  able  to 
say  No,  if  ever  the  men  of  his  party  ask  him  to  ap- 
point an  unfit  man  to  serve  the  State.  What  right 
has  he  to  put  unfit  men  into  office  ?  This  would  be  as 
bad  as  if  a  carpenter  put  rotten  timber  into  a  house. 

The  governor  is  chosen  by  all  the  people  of  the 
State.  In  other  words,  all  the  citizens  are  expected 
to  vote  for  a  governor,  and  the  man  who  receives 
more  votes  than  any  one  else  is  elected.  It  is  a  great 
honor  which  the  people  give  to  their  governor  in 
choosing  him  to  stand  as  their  captain  and  defender. 

What  is  the  use  of  having  a  State  government? 
Why  cannot  the  towns  and  cities  make  all  their  own 
rules  and  laws  and  take  care  of  all  the  public  busi- 
ness ?  In  other  words,  what  does  the  State  do  for  its 
people  ? 

Suppose  for  a  moment  that  every  city  or  town  had 
its  own  set  of  laws.  Suppose  that  what  was  allowed 
in  your  town  was  forbidden  in  the  next  town.  Sup- 


150  The  Young  Citizen. 

pose  also  that  every  town  had  to  keep  a  judge  and  a 
court-house  and  sheriffs,  and  a  jail  to  put  offenders 
in.  How  clumsy  all  this  would  be !  Do  you  not  see 
that  it  is  necessary  for  the  people  in  all  the  towns  to 
do  many  things  together,  instead  of  doing  them  sepa- 
rately ?  Thus  it  is  well  to  have  one  set  of  laws  for 
the  whole  State,  and  a  few  courts  rather  than  a  court 
in  every  village. 

What  if  the  people  of  one  town  built  a  dam  across 
a  river  and  flooded  the  meadows  in  the  towns  higher 
up  the  river  ?  What  if  the  great  city  wished  to  build 
a  reservoir  and  to  take  all  the  water  of  the  ponds 
miles  away  in  the  country?  There  must  be  some 
order  or  authority  in  the  State  so  that  no  town  can 
do  harm  to  the  people  of  another  town. 

The  State  needs  great  highways  to  connect  all 
parts  of  its  country.  Perhaps  it  needs  canals  and 
railroads.  Who  shall  say  where  the  canals  must  run  ? 
Who  shall  see  that  the  railroads  pay  justly  for  taking 
people's  land  ?  Who  shall  decide  whether  it  is  wise 
to  allow  a  new  railroad  to  be  built  ?  The  Legislature 
must  guard  the  interests  of  the  people  in  all  such 
matters. 

The  governor  and  the  Legislature  have  many  poor 
and  unfortunate  persons  to  provide  for.  There  are 
orphan  children  in  the  State ;  there  are  aged  and 
helpless  people ;  there  are  insane  people  who  cannot 
take  care  of  themselves ;  there  are  those  who  have 
broken  the  laws.  Some  of  these  unfortunate  people 
are  not  citizens  of  any  town.  They  have  never  earned 


Our  State  and  Our  Governor. 


their  living  anywhere.  The  State  must  take  care  of 
them ;  it  must  build  great  homes  or  hospitals  for  them ; 
or  its  officers  must  find  kind  friends  who  will  adopt 
the  orphan  children.  The  State  must  also  see  that 
all  the  towns  have  good  schools.  What  if  any  town 


THE  STATE  HOUSE,   SACRAMENTO,   CALIFORNIA. 

California  was   mostly   a   wilderness   before    1850.     See  what  a 
palace  its  people  have  built  in  which  to  carry  on  their  business ! 

were  so  poor  or  so  mean  that  it  would  not  give  its 
children  a  decent  education  ?  These  ignorant  children 
would  be  dangerous,  wherever  they  went  to  live  in 
other  towns.  The  laws  of  the  State  therefore  require 
every  town  to  maintain  schools.  If  necessary,  the 


152  The  Young  Citizen. 

rich  towns  must  help  the  poor  towns  rather  than  let 
the  children  of  the  State  surfer. 

The  work  of  the  State  costs  a  great  deal  of  money. 
Where  will  this  money  come  from  ?  It  must  come 
from  the  people  themselves.  The  State  is  only  another 
name  for  the  people.  Every  town  (or  county)  and 
every  city  must  contribute  its  part  to  the  State  treas- 
ury. The  richer  the  town,  the  larger  will  its  just  share 
be  toward  paying  the  salaries  of  the  servants  of  the 
State  and  doing  the  State  work.  But  the  city  or 
town  has  no  money  to  pay,  except  what  comes  from 
the  labor  and  the  property  of  the  people.  Their  taxes 
support  the  State. 

Would  it  not  be  a  good  plan  if  the  State,  that  is, 
all  the  people,  owned  property  such  as  lands  and 
forests  and  mines,  so  as  to  get  money  without  the 
need  of  taxes  ?  In  some  countries,  the  State  has 
property  of  its  own.  In  some  of  our  States,  too,  there 
are  vast  areas  of  public  lands.  In  every  State  all  the 
most  beautiful  places,  such  as  Niagara  Falls,  the 
White  Mountains,  the  Adirondacks,  the  beaches  on 
the  seashore,  ought  to  be  held  by  the  State  and  kept 
open  to  the  people  forever. 

We  have  said  that  all  the  people  must  pay  their 
share  of  the  taxes.  But  suppose  that  the  people  of 
some  city,  or  those  in  one  part  of  the  State,  were  un- 
willing to  pay.  Would  it  be  fair  for  a  few  people,  or 
for  one  part  of  the  State,  to  refuse  to  help  in  doing 
what  the  larger  number  of  the  people  wished  to  do  ? 
What  if  every  one  refused  to  do  his  part  when- 


Our  State  and  Our  Governor.  153 

ever  he  chose  not  to  help  ?  Do  you  not  see  that  this 
would  be  mean  and  selfish,  as  when  spoiled  children 
sulk  and  stop  playing  if  they  cannot  have  their  own 
way  ?  How  can  you  expect  the  others  to  help  you 
when  your  side  has  its  innings,  unless  you  will  stand 
by  and  play  when  the  other  side  is  at  the  bat  ? 

But  what  if  the  other  party  does  what  seems  to  us 
wrong  ?  In  this  case  we  can  talk  with  our  neighbors 
and  try  to  persuade  them  to  change  their  minds.  We 
can  seek  to  elect  the  men  who  agree  with  us.  We  can 
try  to  alter  a  bad  law  and  make  a  good  one.  Let  us 
not  forget  that  we  sometimes  make  mistakes  ourselves. 
We  must  be  fair  to  the  other  party,  and  give  them 
a  chance  to  persuade  us.  Is  there  any  one  in  the 
world  so  wrong-headed  and  stupid  as  the  person  who 
never  changes  his  mind  ? 

What  sort  of  State  do  you  wish  to  live  in  ?  It  is  a 
State  that  has  just  laws  for  all,  where  no  one  can 
easily  oppress  or  take  advantage  of  another,  where 
the  same  laws  hold  for  the  poor  as  for  the  rich,  where 
strangers  are  safe  and  respected.  It  is  a  State  whose 
schools  are  the  best  in  the  world,  whose  children  are 
happy,  where  every  one  has  a  chance  to  make  the  most 
of  himself.  It  is  a  State  that  takes  the  kindest  care 
of  all  its  unfortunate  people,  that  tries  to  cure  its 
sick,  and  to  make  good  citizens  even  out  of  those  who 
have  done  wrong.  It  is  a  State  whose  officers,  from 
the  governor  down,  are  the  real  and  faithful  servants 
of  the  people. 


CHAPTER   XXII. 

THE    HEAD    OF    THE    NATION. 

THE  capital  of  the  United  States  is  the  city  of 
Washington.  Every  one  knows  for  what  great  and 
good  man  this  city  was  named.  Perhaps  you,  or 
some  one  of  your  friends,  have  visited  the  beautiful 
city  on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac  River.  You  can 
tell  how  far  away  it  is  from  where  you  live,  and  over 
what  railroads  you  must  ride  in  order  to  reach  it. 

What  are  the  first  objects  that  any  one  would  see 
as  he  rode  into  Washington  ?  One  of  them  is  the 
tall  monument  to  the  honor  of  "  The  father  of  his 
country."  It  is  faced  with  white  marble  and  is 
one  of  the  tallest  structures  ever  erected  by  man. 
It  is  not  only  very  high,  but  beautiful  also. 

Another  great  building  is  the  Capitol,  or  the 
State  House  of  our  Nation.  It  stands  on  a  hill  and 
has  a  grand  dome,  upon  which  is  a  cupola,  to  which 
one  can  climb  and  look  out  over  the  whole  city,  and 
to  the  distant  mountains  between  which  the  Potomac 
flows.  The  Capitol  contains  many  offices,  and  two 
halls,  where  men  come  together,  chosen  from  every 
State  of  our  Union,  to  consult  for  the  welfare  of  all 
the  people  of  the  Nation.  One  hall  is  for  the  Senate. 


•J     V 

-I 

•a  ~ 
§•§ 

JI 


I-:! 


^~  H 

u  t-1  - 


. 

§  111 


I"! 


35 

3*13, 

q  s  * 

i—  i    a)    rt 
M.S2 


The  Head  of  the  Nation.  157 

Two  senators  come  from  each  State,  from  the  little 
States  like  Delaware,  as  well  as  from  the  great  States 
like  New  York. 

The  other  hall  in  the  Capitol  is  for  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. The  great  States  send  many  representa- 
tives, as  many  as  thirty  or  more.  A  little  State  may  send 
only  one  man.  You  can  easily  find  out  how  many  rep- 
resentatives your  own  State  sends.  Perhaps  you  can 
tell  who  the  representative  is  for  your  own  district 

The  Senate  and  the  Representatives  make  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States.  The  business  of  the 
Congress  is  to  think  for  the  people.  As  the  City 
Council  thinks  for  the  city,  and  the  Legislature 
thinks  for  the  State,  so  the  Congress  thinks  for  the 
nation,  that  is,  for  all  the  people  in  all  the  States. 
What  good  and  bright  thinkers  the  members  of  our 
Congress  ought  to  be,  in  order  to  think  well  for  the 
interests  of  more  than  seventy  millions  of  people. 
Indeed,  they  have  to  think  about  people  over  the 
sea  also ;  for  the  things  which  our  Congress  does, 
whether  right  or  wrong,  whether  wise  or  foolish,  are 
likely  to  help  or  to  hurt  all  the  people  in  the  world. 
Thus,  if  the  United  States  shuts  its  doors  against  the 
people  who  wish  to  come  here  from  Italy,  or  from 
Germany,  those  countries  will  become  crowded  and 
perhaps  uncomfortable.  Or,  if  the  United  States 
lays  a  tax  upon  the  silks,  or  the  woollen  cloths,  that 
come  from  France  and  England,  it  may  be  that  the 
French  and  English  workmen  will  get  less  pay  in 
consequence  of  our  tax. 


158  The  Young  Citizen. 

The  members  of  our  Congress  must  not  only  think 
for  us,  but  they  are  chosen  to  make  laws  for  the  whole 
nation,  as  each  Legislature  makes  laws  for  the  people 
of  its  State.  Whatever  they  agree  to,  or  vote  for,  or 
rather  whatever  the  larger  number  of  them  agree  to 
in  our  behalf,  we  must  all  likewise  agree  to.  We 
must  obey  their  laws  and  we  must  pay  our  money, 
as  they  say,  to  help  bear  the  cost  of  our  government. 

See  what  a  number  of  sets  of  rules,  or  laws,  the 
people  must  obey.  They  must  keep  the  town,  or 
city  (or  county)  rules.  They  must  heed  the  State 
laws,  and  they  must  also  observe  the  national  laws. 
But,  as  we  have  seen,  these  various  laws  are  not 
meant  to  burden  us.  They  are  really  intended  for 
our  convenience  and  benefit,  like  the  rules  of  a 
school,  or  a  store.  They  are  for  the  sake  of  order 
and  justice. 

There  are  some  things  that  not  even  the  people  of 
a  great  State  like  Texas  or  Illinois,  can  do  well  with- 
out the  help  of  all  the  other  States.  Think  of  the 
great  railroads  and  express  companies  with  lines  that 
run  across  the  continent.  Think  of  the  great  mills 
and  shops  that  send  their  goods  over  all  the  country. 
Think  of  the  men  who  travel  from  one  State  to  an- 
other as  agents  to  sell  the  merchants'  wares.  There 
must  be  laws  to  govern  and  to  assist  the  men  and 
the  companies  who  go  for  their  business  from  one 
State  into  the  other  States.  No  great  company 
must  be  allowed  to  do  injustice  anywhere ;  no  State 
must  pass  laws  to  hurt  the  people  of  another  State. 


WASHINGTON   MONUMENT. 

This  is  another  of  the  wonders  of  the  New  World.  Think  of  the 
highest  building  you  know,  and  find  out  how  many  times  higher  this 
great  shaft  is  —  555  feet  high  !  All  the  States  contributed  stones  to 
build  into  the  walls.  You  can  go  to  the  top  of  it. 


The  Head  of  the  Nation.  161 

The  people  in  Maine  or  Alabama  who  buy  goods 
from  the  New  York  merchants  must  pay  for  what 
they  buy  as  fairly  as  if  they  lived  in  New  York. 
There  must  be  laws  also  for  the  business  of  the  post- 
offices  through  all  the  country,  and  for  many  other 
affairs  which  concern  every  man,  woman,  and  child 
in  the  United  States. 

The  nation  has  a  good  deal  of  land  that  belongs 
to  us  all,  especially  in  the  great  Western  territories 
and  in  Alaska.  There  are  Indians  who  must  be  justly 
treated.  The  settlers  must  not  rob  them,  and  the 
Indians  must  not  steal  the  settlers'  horses. 

Our  nation  has  neighbors,  we  mean  the  other 
nations,  Canada  to  the  north  of  us,  and  Mexico  and 
the  Republics  of  South  America,  and  the  peoples  over 
the  Atlantic  and  across  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Congress 
must  pass  laws  and  make  treaties,  so  that  we  shall 
treat  each  nation  justly,  and  so  that  we  shall  also  be 
justly  treated. 

You  see  what  a  great  deal  of  puzzling  business 
Congress  has  to  think  about.  It  is  no  wonder  that 
it  has  built,  at  the  expense  of  the  nation,  a  grand 
library,  close  to  the  Capitol,  filled  with  books  on 
every  subject.  Whenever  a  member  of  Congress  or 
of  one  of  its  committees  needs  to  know  about  any 
matter  of  history,  or  geography,  or  about  the  laws  of 
nations,  here  are  the  books  to  consult  which  give  the 
needful  information.  The  library  may  also  be  visited 
by  the  people,  and  by  strangers  in  Washington. 

There  is  a  famous  room  in  the  Capitol  where  you 


162 


The  Young  Citizen. 


may  see  the  greatest  court  of  justice  in  the  world. 
The  nine  members  of  this  court  are  dressed  in  black 
silk  robes.  It  is  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States.  Here  lawyers  come  from  every  State  of  our 
Union  to  bring  difficult  cases.  Sometimes  a  State 
has  passed  laws  that  seem  unjust  to  the  citizens  of 


THE  WHITE   HOUSE. 

From  the  windows  of  the  marble  house  where  the  President 
lives  one  can  look  down  Pennsylvania  Avenue  to  the  Capitol.  Can 
you  think  of  any  children  who  lived  in  the  White  House  while  their 
father  was  President  ? 


another  State.  Sometimes  there  is  a  question  about 
a  new  invention  ;  and  two  or  three  men  each  think 
that  they  ought  to  have  the  patent  right  for  it.  Some- 
times Congress  has  levied  a  tax  which  business  men 
do  not  think  is  just.  When  the  Supreme  Court  makes 
a  decision  even  Congress  must  give  way.  What  if 


The  Head  of  the  Nation.  163 

one  of  these  judges  were  not  perfectly  honest  and 
fearless  ?  The  rights  and  liberties  of  all  of  us  would 
be  endangered. 

Who  has  not  heard  of  the  White  House  in  Wash- 
ington ?  Every  visitor  goes  to  see  it.  The  President 
of  the  United  States  lives  in  this  house ;  it  is  our 
national  palace.  As  the  Congress  is  the  head 
of  the  nation  to  think  and  make  laws  for  us ;  as  the 
Supreme  Court  is  the  head  of  the  nation  to  decide 
knotty  questions ;  so  the  President  is  the  head  of  the 
nation  to  act  for  us,  and  to  see  that  the  people's 
laws  are  carried  out.  A  governor  is  chosen  by  all 
the  people  of  a  State  to  do  the  people's  will ;  so 
the  President  is  the  choice  of  the  people  of  all  the 
States.  As  the  mayor  is  the  head  servant  of  a  city, 
so  the  President  is  the  head  servant  of  the  nation. 
The  best  teacher  who  ever  lived  said  that  the  greatest 
man  in  the  world  was  the  one  who  served  most.  Our 
President  is  thus  chosen  to  serve  and  help,  not  him- 
self, but  our  millions  of  people. 

Our  President  could  not  begin  to  do  his  duty  for  the 
people  without  aid.  He  chooses  a  Cabinet,  or  council, 
of  men  to  help  him.  These  are  his  Secretaries,  or  ad- 
visers. The  most  important  of  these  advisers  is  the 
Secretary  of  State.  The  famous  Daniel  Webster 
once  held  this  office.  Perhaps  some  one  from  your 
State  has  held  the  same  place.  This  Secretary  ought 
to  be  as  wise  as  the  President.  He  must  advise  the 
President  about  foreign  affairs,  concerning  many 
different  nations.  He  must  not  only  be  perfectly 


164  The  Young  Citizen. 

fair,  but  he  must  be  courteous  and  friendly.  He 
meets  the  ambassadors  and  ministers,  that  is,  the 
agents,  whom  other  governments  send  to  Wash- 
ington. Suppose  he  could  not  keep  his  temper, 
but  insulted  these  foreign  gentlemen ;  or  suppose 
he  wrote  disrespectful  letters  to  the  great  govern- 
ments in  St.  Petersburg  or  Berlin ;  he  might  involve 
the  nation  in  war.  At  the  same  time  the  Secretary 


SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTE,  WASHINGTON,   D.C. 

A  rich  Englishman,  named  Smithson,  left  his  fortune  to  our 
government  to  be  used  for  the  increase  of  knowledge  among  men. 
Every  one  who  visits  Washington  should  see  the  wonderful  curiosi- 
ties that  are  collected  in  this  building. 

of  State  must  be  brave  and  patriotic.  His  place  is 
too  high  and  responsible  for  any  mean  or  selfish 
man,  who  wishes  merely  to  draw  the  salary  or  have 
the  honor  of  the  office. 

Next  to  the  Secretary  of  State  comes  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury.     He  is  really  the  head  treasurer  of 


The  Head  of  the  Nation.  165 

the  vast  moneys  of  the  nation.  He  must  know  all 
about  business ;  he  must  be  able  to  advise  as  to  the 
fairest  methods  of  raising  money  for  the  government ; 
he  must  be  honest  and  accurate  beyond  suspicion  ;  he 
must  be  fearless  to  tell  the  President,  or  the  members 
of  Congress,  exactly  what  he  thinks  for  the  public 
welfare. 

There  is  a  Secretary  of  War,  who  looks  after  the 
business  of  the  army,  and  a  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
who  must  see  that  the  battle-ships  are  kept  in  order. 
Another  of  the  President's  advisers  has  the  care  of  all 
the  lands  of  the  nation,  and  must  guard  the  interests 
of  the  Indian  tribes.  He  is  called  the  Secretary  of 
the  Interior.  Another  is  the  President's  adviser 
about  matters  of  law ;  he  is  the  Attorney-General. 
Another  is  at  the  head  of  the  post-offices  of  the 
country ;  he  is  the  Postmaster-General.  Another 
must  keep  informed  about  all  matters  that  concern 
the  farmers.  A  large  part  of  the  wealth  of  the 
nation  springs  from  the  soil.  What  if  some  danger- 
ous blight  threatened  the  wheat  ?  Or  some  foreign 
pest  menaced  the  lives  of  the  cattle  ?  The  Secretary 
of  Agriculture,  with  the  help  of  his  agents,  must  be 
on  guard  to  save  the  nation  from  the  perils  of  insects, 
and  from  the  diseases  of  plants.  He  must  publish 
reports  and  pamphlets,  so  that  the  farmers  may  know 
how  to  raise  larger  and  better  crops  and  thus  make 
our  country  richer. 

The  President,  with  the  help  of  his  advisers,  or 
Cabinet,  must  not  only  do  what  Congress  bids,  but 


1 66  The  Young  Citizen. 

he  must  help  the  Congress  to  see  what  is  for  the 
welfare  of  the  nation.  A  Congressman  is  too  likely 
to  ask,  "  What  is  for  the  good  of  my  State,  or  of  the 
people  of  the  district  that  elected  me  ?  "  The  Presi- 
dent takes  a  broad  view  of  public  business.  He 
ought  to  be  watching  for  the  good  of  all  the  people. 
He  is  like  a  man  on  a  tower,  who  sees  farther  than 
the  man  on  the  ground  below. 

The  Representatives  serve  for  two  years  and  may 
then  be  reflected.  The  Senators  serve  for  terms  of 
six  years.  The  President  serves  for  four  years.  A 
Vice-President  also  is  chosen  for  four  years.  He 
presides  over  the  Senate,  and  succeeds  the  President 
in  case  the  latter  dies  before  he  finishes  his  term. 
Sometimes  the  President  is  liked  so  well  that  he  is 
chosen  a  second  time.  Perhaps  you  can  name  the 
Presidents,  beginning  with  Washington,  to  whom  our 
people  have  done  the  honor  of  reelecting  them. 


CHAPTER   XXIII. 

THE    ARMY    AND    NAVY. 

EVERY  one  has  heard  of  the  great  battle-ships,  such 
as  the  Oregon  and  the  New  York,  the  Iowa  and  the 
Texas.  Many  of  our  boys  probably  know  how  many 
ships  and  torpedo-boats  the  President  and  his  Secre- 
tary of  the  Navy  can  command.  There  are  stations, 
or  navy  yards,  in  certain  harbors  where  these  ships 
are  fitted  out,  and  where  sailors  are  enlisted  for  them. 
Thousands  of  trained  men  are  needed  to  man  the 
ships  and  to  fire  the  great  'guns.  Engineers  and 
stokers  serve  the  engines.  Hundreds  of  skilled 
officers  must  be  highly  educated  to  manage  the 
government  vessels.  You  have  perhaps  heard  of 
the  great  school  at  Annapolis  in  Maryland,  where 
the  nation  pays  for  training  boys  to  be  brave  and 
skilful  officers  for  the  ships. 

Upon  hills  or  points  of  land  near  the  harbors  of 
the  great  cities  one  will  see  strong  forts  and  batteries 
with  gigantic  guns.  One  of  the  greatest  forts  is 
called  Fortress  Monroe,  after  one  of  our  Presidents. 
It  is  in  the  State  of  Virginia,  and  close  to  the  mouth 
of  Chesapeake  Bay.  Companies  of  soldiers  of  the 
national  army  live  in  barracks  or  rows  of  little  houses 

167 


i68 


The  Young  Citizen. 


in  this  fort.  There  are  soldiers  likewise  always  ready 
to  march,  in  forts  in  New  York  harbor  and  other 
places.  There  are  soldiers  at  various  forts  in  the 
Territories  where  the  wild  Indians  live.  American 
soldiers  have  even  been  required  to  go  to  distant 
shores,  as  to  Cuba  and  Manila. 


A  BATTLE-SHIP. 

Is  it  not  a  pity  that  such  a  magnificent  and  powerful  ship  should 
ever  be  doomed  to  be  battered  to  pieces  by  shot,  or  blown  up,  or 
sunk  in  the  sea? 

Part  of  our  army  is  made  up  of  men  who  ride  on 
horseback.  They  are  called  the  cavalry.  The  in- 
fantry march  on  foot  and  carry  rifles.  The  artillery 
manage  great  guns  mounted  on  wheels,  and  fire  ter- 
rible volleys  of  shot  and  shell.  The  President  is  the 


The  Army  and  Navy. 


169 


commander-in-chief  of  all  the  forces.  Many  generals, 
colonels,  and  other  officers  assist  him  to  carry  out  his 
commands.  Quartermasters  supply  the  army  with 
food  and  clothing.  Physicians  and  surgeons  accom- 
pany the  soldiers  to  care  for  the  sick  and  the  wounded. 


THE   BARRACKS,    WEST   POINT,    N.Y. 

Our  government  has  a  great  school  at  West  Point  on  the  Hudson 
River.  Here  a  number  of  boys  from  every  State  are  trained  to  be- 
come officers  of  the  Army.  General  Grant  was  educated  here. 
The  course  of  training  is  very  severe. 


The  regular  army  is  not  all  the  force  that  the  Presi- 
dent has  at  his  command.  In  every  State  there  are 
companies  and  regiments  of  militia,  under  the  com- 


170  The  Young  Citizen. 

mand  of  the  governor  of  the  State.  Some  of  the 
boys  perhaps  know  men  who  are  in  the  militia. 
Every  year  these  militia  soldiers  meet  on  certain 
days  to  train  or  drill.  They  can  be  called  out  if 
necessary  to  help  the  police.  If  there  is  danger  to  the 
country  and  the  President  wants  men,  the  governors 
of  the  States  must  see  to  it  that  the  militia  answers 
his  call.  In  fact,  if  the  President  calls  for  men  to 
defend  the  country,  every  able-bodied  man  must  be 
ready,  if  need  comes,  to  obey  and  serve  as  a  soldier. 

Great  sums  of  money  are  spent  every  year  to  pay 
the  wages  of  soldiers  and  sailors  and  the  salaries  of 
their  officers  ;  millions  of  dollars  must  go  to  buy  ships 
and  guns  and  all  kinds  of  supplies.  When  the  men 
are  disabled  in  the  service  of  the  country  it  is  the 
custom  to  pay  pensions,  so  that  they  and  their  fami- 
lies may  not  suffer  want.  Altogether  the  business  of 
the  army  and  the  navy,  even  in  times  of  peace,  if  we 
count  the  expense  of  the  pensions,  costs  more  than 
all  the  schools  and  colleges  in  the  land. 

Why  is  it  necessary  for  the  American  people  to 
have  an  army  and  a  navy,  and  to  stand  ready  to 
fight  ?  Why  should  we  ever  fire  murderous  guns  and 
try  to  kill  people  ?  Why  are  not  fighting  and  killing 
and  war  always  wrong  ? 

It  is  hard  to  answer  these  questions.  One  way  to 
answer  them  is  this :  The  world  was  once  filled  with 
savage  men ;  they  had  never  learned  the  laws  of 
kindness  and  mercy  ;  they  were  cruel  to  their  animals 
and  to  their  own  children ;  they  were  afraid  and  sus- 


Soldiers  look  fine  as  one  sees  them  parading  our  streets  with 
joyous  music.  But  how  do  we  feel  when  soldiers  have  to  maim  and 
kill  other  men  or  to  be  maimed  or  killed  themselves ! 


The  Army  and  Navy.  173 

picious  of  strangers  and  foreigners.  Many  a  time  in 
these  wild  old  times  roving  tribes  of  warriors  would 
come  over  the  lands,  spoiling  the  corn-fields,  burning 
the  farmers'  houses  and  barns,  and  carrying  away 
boys  and  girls  to  be  slaves.  Our  own  forefathers 
long  ago  were  just  such  wild,  cruel  people.  Perhaps 
they  did  not  know  better.  They  had  no  humane 
religion  to  tell  them  that  all  men  were  their  brothers. 
Few,  if  any  of  them,  could  read  and  write.  The 
American  Indians,  when  the  first  settlers  came  to 
America,  were  such  wild  and  ignorant  people.  Their 
roving  tribes  had  been  fighting  each  other  for  hun- 
dreds of  years.  You  see  now  that  war  was  the  state 
in  which  barbarous  men  lived.  Sometimes  they 
fought  to  plunder  others ;  sometimes  they  fought 
to  defend  themselves  from  oppression. 

Suppose  now  that  all  nations  had  ceased  to  be  sav- 
age and  cruel.  Suppose  that  all  nations  had  learned 
our  American  ideas  of  kindness  and  fair  play  and 
friendliness.  Suppose  that  all  religions  bade  men 
treat  each  other  like  brothers  and  live  by  the  Golden 
Rule.  Suppose  that  all  nations  had  schools  and  kin- 
dergartens like  ours  in  America,  and  every  one  could 
learn  to  read  good  books  and  noble  poetry.  In  this 
case  no  nation  would  need  to  tax  its  people  and  to 
spend  its  millions  of  money  upon  soldiers  and  battle- 
ships. Indeed,  we  could  have  the  extra  money  to 
spend  in  making  better  schools.  We  might  use  the 
thousands  of  men  who  are  soldiers  to  build  more 
comfortable  houses  for  the  poor  to  live  in.  No  one 


174  The  Young  Citizen. 

would  need  to  work  so  hard  as  many  work  now,  if  all 
the  soldiers  in  the  world  could  come  home  and  help 
their  neighbors  at  their  work.  Wouldn't  it  be  fine  if 
men  were  nowhere  ordered  to  shoot  and  kill  other 
men  ? 

The  trouble  now  is  that  many  people  in  the  world 
have  not  yet  given  up  being  savage  and  brutish.  We 
have  seen  that  there  are  people  even  in  America  who 
are  mean  and  stingy  and  selfish ;  there  are  those  who 
get  drunk  and  lose  their  wits  ;  there  are  some  who  are 
still  cruel  to  animals  and  to  children ;  and  there  are 
a  few  who  will  steal  and  do  murder.  Therefore  we 
must  have  policemen  and  jails.  A  policeman  must 
knock  a  brutal  man  down  if  necessary,  rather  than 
let  him  hurt  a  little  child. 

Well !  There  are  tribes  and  nations  in  the  world 
that  are  hundreds  of  years  behind  the  times ;  they 
are  not  half  civilized.  We  in  America  have  learned 
to  be  intelligent,  and  not  to  fear  hard  work,  and  to 
help  one  another.  But  there  are  millions  of  people 
who  think  that  the  chief  business  of  life  is  to  fight, 
like  brutes.  Sometimes  these  unfortunate  people 
have  been  badly  treated  and  enslaved,  and  they  have 
reason  to  distrust  their  fellows.  Thus  bad  white 
men  have  often  cheated  the  American  Indians,  and 
have  sold  whiskey  to  them  and  stolen  their  lands. 
Some  of  the  Indians  have  come  to  hate  white  men, 
because  some  of  our  own  people  have  behaved  so 
badly  to  them. 

What  shall  a  people  do  who  dislike  the  business 


The  Army  and  Navy. 


'75 


of  killing  men,  but  who  are  surrounded  by  savage 
nations,  or  pirate  nations,  or  bullying  nations  ?  Sup- 
pose the  nation  has  wild  and  ignorant  people,  as  we 
have,  within  its  own  borders  ?  The  President  and  the 
Congress  cannot  sit  down  and  let  our  settlers  be 


U.S.   TRAINING  SHIP  "ENTERPRISE"   IN   DRY   DOCK   AT   NAVY 
YARD,   CHARLESTOWN,    MASS. 

The  government  takes  a  number  of  boys,  and  makes  a  ship  into 
a  schoolhouse  for  them,  and  trains  them  to  be  able  and  skilful  sea- 


butchered  and  their  cattle  and  children  carried  off. 
The  government  cannot  let  some  selfish  power  over 
the  seas  take  our  merchant  ships  and  throw  American 


176  The  Young  Citizen. 

sailors  into  prison.  Our  government  cannot  run  the 
risk  of  letting  some  mad  king  pick  a  quarrel  with  us 
and  send  a  fleet  of  ships  to  seize  our  cities.  Our  gov- 
ernment must  defend  our  homes  against  the  half-civil- 
ized people  in  the  world  who  have  not  learned  yet  to 
do  justly  and  kindly.  If  there  are  foolish  nations 
that  are  ready  to  fight  and  kill,  we  must  have  soldiers 
and  sailors  to  guard  our  shores  against  them.  We 
therefore  say  to  our  President  and  Congress:  "Try 
hard  nat  to  have  war  with  our  neighbors,  the  other 
nations.  Be  just  and  generous  to  them."  But  we 
also  say :  "  Let  no  robbers  break  through  the  doors 
of  the  nation  to  injure  the  people." 

How  large  should  our  armies  be  ?  How  many  ships 
should  we  have  ?  Ought  we  to  keep  as  many  soldiers 
as  Russia  or  as  many  war-ships  as  England  ?  No  ! 
We  do  not  wish  to  be  a  fighting  nation,  but  a  civilized 
nation.  All  our  greatest  generals  have  hated  war. 
War  does  not  fit  American  ideas.  A  savage  goes 
about  armed  with  clubs  and  knives,  but  the  more 
civilized  a  man  is  the  less  use  he  has  for  weapons. 
The  savage  is  afraid ;  the  civilized  man  is  not  afraid. 
So  with  nations.  The  wild  and  thieving  nation  is 
really  afraid.  The  upright  and  friendly  nation  has 
no  cause  for  fear.  Thus,  the  more  civilized  and  the 
better  educated  a  nation  is,  the  smaller  the  army  and 
navy  that  it  needs. 

Indeed,  if  our  men  always  behaved  justly  and 
kindly  to  the  Indians  and  to  the  people  over  the 
sea,  it  is  quite  possible  that  we  should  never  need 


OUR 

War  is  terrible  waste.  When  the  great  guns  are  fired,  far  the 
larger  part  of  all  the  shot  and  shell  never  hit  the  mark.  These 
men  are  trying  to  aim  and  fire  accurately. 


The  Army  and  Navy.  179 

any  army  or  navy.  There  is  no  defence  in  the  world 
so  mighty  as  justice  and  friendliness  are.  What  man 
needs  to  carry  pistols  when  he  travels  ?  The  burglar 
or  the  coward  is  more  likely  to  carry  them  than  the 
brave  and  honest  man  is.  So  the  nation  that  does 
justice  has  least  need  to  fear  war. 

Is  it  ever  right  to  hate  the  savage  and  brutal 
nations,  the  Indians  on  our  border,  the  Turks  over 
the  seas  ?  No,  we  do  not  really  want  to  hate  them. 
Even  the  soldiers  who  fight  against  them  do  not  need 
to  hate  them.  Hate  does  not  make  men  brave.  We 
are  rather  sorry  for  the  savage  people.  They  have 
not  had  the  good  chance  that  we  have.  If  they  had 
had  our  American  opportunity  to  learn,  they  might 
be  men  whom  we  should  like.  We  do  not  wish  to 
hurt  and  maim  and  kill  human  beings,  but  we  want 
to  help  make  men  of  them  if  possible.  We  do  not 
keep  our  army  and  navy  for  the  sake  of  war,  but  to 
prevent  war,  and,  as  General  Grant  said,  to  "have 
peace." 


CHAPTER   XXIV. 

THE    ARMY    OF    PEACE. 

As  a  stranger  walks  or  rides  about  the  streets  of 
the  city  of  Washington,  he  will  be  shown  immense 
buildings,  filled  with  offices.  These  .great  buildings 
belong  to  the  government.  A  little  army  of  people 
are  at  work  in  them  daily.  There  is  the  Treasury 
Building,  with  hundreds  of  clerks,  who  attend  to  the 
money  business  of  the  government.  Other  officers 
and  clerks  in  the  great  cities  help  in  collecting  and 
paying  out  the  money.  In  many  towns  upon  the 
coast  and  along  the  borders  of  Canada  and  Mexico 
there  are  custom-houses,  where  men,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  collect  money 
or  taxes. 

A  large  company  of  men  and  women,  even  in  times 
of  peace,  serve  in  the  Army  and  Navy  building ; 
they  keep  the  records  and  accounts.  You  can  find 
there  lists  of  the  names  of  all  our  soldiers  and  sailors. 
In  another  building  are  the  lists  and  accounts  of  the 
thousands  of  men  and  women  and  orphan  children, 
scattered  over  the  land,  who  receive  pensions,  or  pay- 
ments of  money  from  our  government ;  for  the  nation 

180 


The  Army  of  Peace.  181 

is  unwilling  to  let  any  family  suffer  which  has  given 
a  soldier  for  the  service  of  the  country.  The  Pension 
Office  in  Washington,  with  its  branch  offices  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  country,  requires  a  considerable  force 
of  helpers  to  do  the  work  and  to  see  that  all  the  pen- 
sions are  promptly  paid. 


ENTRANCE  TO  THE   NAVY  YARD,    CHARLESTOWN    (BOSTON),    MASS. 

Our  government  has  several  large  ship  yards,  with  wharves  and 
dry  docks  and  rope-walks  and  repairing  shops.  Sometimes  the 
government  has  built  its  own  ships.  Visitors  are  commonly  per- 
mitted to  look  about  the  Navy  Yards. 


One  of  the  most  interesting  places  to  see  in  Wash- 
ington is  the  Patent  Office.  Whoever  is  bright  enough 
to  invent  an  ingenious  contrivance,  from  a  new  kind 
of  water-wheel  to  a  flying  machine,  may  send  to  this 
office  and  have  his  invention  recorded  in  his  name. 
Then  no  one  can  use  or  sell  this  invention  without 


182 


The  Young  Citizen. 


the  permission  of  the  inventor.  You  may  see  at  the 
Patent  Office  a  model  of  almost  every  invention  that 
has  been  made  in  the  last  hundred  years.  A  com- 
pany of  clerks  are  on  service  all  the  time  to  take  care 

of  these  models  and 
plans,  and  to  record  new 
inventions  as  fast  as 
they  come. 

We  have  spoken  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States.  You 
must  not  think  that  all 
the  business  of  justice 
for  the  nation  is  done 
by  the  men  who  sit  in 
this  grand  room  at  the 
Capitol.  The  Supreme 
Court  attends  to  none 
but  important  questions. 
In  every  part  of  the 
United  States  there  are 
courts  and  judges  and 
lawyers  and  a  force  of 
assistants  in  the  service 
of  our  government. 
What  do  you  suppose  is  the  largest  business  of 
our  government?  It  is  the  Post-office.  It  employs 
scores  of  thousands  of  men.  It  has  one  of  the  great- 
est of  the  buildings  in  Washington.  It  has  an  office 
in  every  little  village.  Its  carriers  in  their  uniform 


LETTER  CARRIER. 
Are  there  letter  carriers  where 
you  live?  Would  you  like  to 
have  carriers  bring  the  letters 
throughout  all  the  country?  If 
so,  you  must  let  your  representa- 
tive in  Congress  know  what  you 
want.  Perhaps  he  will  see  how 
to  bring  this  about. 


The  Army  of  Peace. 


183 


ELECTRIC   MAIL  CARS. 

In  a  great  citv  the  mails  must  be  carried  to  and  from  the  railroad 
stations,  and  also  to  and  from  the  branch  post-offices  in  all  parts  ot 
the  city.  They  used  to  carry  the  mails  in  wagons.  Now  the  electric 
roads  carry  little  postal  cars,  in  which  men  can  sort  the  mail  as  they  go. 

are  on   the  streets  of  every  city.     Yes !    The  Post- 
master-General  may   be   said   to    command    a   great 


STEAM    RAILWAY   MAIL  CAR. 


We  have  post-offices  on  wheels.  They  run  on  the  railroads 
from  city  to  city.  They  have  men  to  soft  the  mails  day  and  night, 
so  as  to  lose  no  time  in  delivering  the  letters  as  soon  as  they  arrive. 


184  The  Young  Citizen. 

army.  All  these  serve  for  the  convenience  and  com- 
fort of  the  people.  It  is  their  duty  to  see  that  letters, 
papers,  books,  and  all  sorts  of  things  trusted  to  the 
mails,  shall  go  as  fast  and  as  promptly  as  possible. 
Sometimes  they  go  on  railroads,  sometimes  by 
steamers,  often  on  stage-coaches,  sometimes  on  horse- 
back. The  Post-office  sends  our  letters  for  us,  not 
only  through  our  own  country  from  Eastport  in 
Maine  to  Portland  in  Oregon ;  it  undertakes  to  carry 
the  mail  over  the  world  ;  it  has  its  treaties  with  other 
governments ;  it  really  binds  the  world  together. 

Your  friend  may  be  travelling  in  Egypt ;  or  he 
may  be  a  sailor  at  Hong  Kong.  Our  government,  or 
"  Uncle  Sam,"  as  we  sometimes  call  it,  only  asks  us 
to  put  one  of  his  little  stamps  upon  our  letter,  and 
presently  fast  steamships  are  passing  it  on  around 
the  world  till  it  finds  our  friend.  Perhaps  men  of  a 
dozen  different  nations,  or  twenty  different  languages, 
help  the  letter  along.  The  whole  world  takes  hold, 
like  our  nation,  in  supporting  the  Post-office. 

Who  has  never  seen  a  lighthouse  ?  If  you  visit 
the  seashore,  if  you  go  down  the  harbor  of  any  city 
on  the  coast,  if  you  sail  a  few  hours  along  the  shore 
on  the  ocean,  or  on  the  Great  Lakes,  if  you  travel 
down  the  Mississippi  River,  —  there  is  no  place 
where  steamers  go,  or  vessels  sail  at  night,  where  you 
do  not  see  the  lighthouses  shining.  They  are  on 
hills  and  headlands ;  they  are  on  little  islands  and  on 
bare  rocks ;  sometimes  they  are  ships  moored  fast  by 
heavy  anchors,  near  dangerous  shoals.  Our  govern- 


The  Army  of  Peace. 


.85 


ment  builds  the  lighthouses  and  commands  men  to 
keep    the    lights   always   burning.       In    the    darkest 


MINOT'S   LEDGE  LIGHT,   OFF  COHASSET,   MASS. 
This  tall,  stone  lighthouse  stands  on  a  dangerous  ledge  and  warns 
the  ships  to  keep  off,  and  shows  them  the  way  to  Boston  harbor. 

night,  when  the  storm  lowers  over  the  sea,  the  faith- 
ful men  must  watch  and  tend  the  lamps,  and  if  the 


i86 


The  Young  Citizen. 


fog  sweeps  in,  they  must  sound  the  fog-horn,  perhaps 
for  days  at  a  time. 

The  lighthouses  are  not  for  our  own  sailors  and 
ships  alone ;  they  are  for  the  English  and  Italian  and 
Spanish  and  German  sailors,  as  well.  We  wish  no 
poor  mariners  to  be  wrecked  on  our  reefs ;  we  wish 
to  give  our  lights  for  the  help  of  all  who  sail  the  sea. 

What  we  do  for  others  all  the  nations  do  for  us. 
You  will  sail  along  the  English  coast  and  every  cape 


U.S.    NAVAL  OBSERVATORY,   GEORGETOWN,   D.C. 

How  does  any  one  know  exactly  what  time  it  is  ?  By  the  clock  or 
by  watches.  But  who  can  set  the  clocks  and  watches,  so  that  they 
will  tell  the  truth?  The  skilful  men  in  the  observatories  tell  us 
every  day,  by  watching  the  sun,  precisely  when  it  is  noon.  They  tell 
us  also  about  the  sunrise  and  the  moon-rise  and  the  tides,  and  help 
make  our  almanacs. 

sends  out  its  friendly  light.  You  will  sail  down  into 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  the  mountainous  coast  of 
Spain  or  Italy  will  show  you  your  way  from  light 
to  light.  All  the  world  is  becoming  one  family 
of  nations  with  their  common  system  of  lighthouses. 


The  Army  of  Peace.  187 

The  government  does  more  for  the  sailors  than  to 
light  the  shores  for  their  ships.  On  every  perilous 
point  on  the  coast  where  ships  sometimes  go  to  wreck, 
you  will  see  the  life-saving  stations,  each  with  its 
little  company  of  men,  and  its  stanch  boats  ready  to 
be  launched  at  a  moment's  notice.  There  men  patrol 
and  watch  the  shore  for  many  miles.  They  take 
turns  in  looking  out  upon  the  sea  at  night.  Some- 
times they  send  up  rockets  to  warn  the  ships  not  to 
come  too  near  the  rocks.  No  soldiers  are  braver  than 
these  men  must  be.  In  terrible  winter  storms,  or 
when  the  tornado  comes,  they  must  risk  their  own 
lives  to  save  the  lives  of  others.  They  never  stop  to 
ask  whether  the  people  in  danger  are  their  own 
friends,  or  utter  strangers.  It  is  their  duty  to  save 
the  lives  of  foreign  men  just  as  if  they  were 
Americans. 

It  would  take  a  long  time  to  tell  of  all  the  kinds 
of  work  in  which  our  government  must  employ  its 
servants.  Men  are  always  at  work  in  the  navy 
yards,  keeping  the  ships  in  repair.  Men  are  on  duty 
among  Indian  tribes,  some  to  teach  in  their  schools, 
and  others  to  show  the  Indians  how  to  farm  their 
lands.  Chemists  are  at  work  for  the  government, 
making  experiments  about  soils  and  plants.  They 
publish  to  the  world  what  they  find  out.  A  board  of 
health  watches  against  disease,  and  sends  its  doctors 
to  examine  ships  coming  to  our  ports  from  foreign 
lands. 

Altogether  we  have  likened  the  thousands  of  men 


1 88  The  Young  Citizen. 

and  women  who  serve  our  government  to  an  army 
of  soldiers.  But  it  is  an  army  of  peace  and  not  of 
war.  It  is  not  to  frighten  men,  but  to  help  and 
benefit  them.  It  is  not  for  the  good  of  Americans 
alone,  but  for  the  good  of  all  people. 

What  kind  of  a  man  do  we  need  for  a  soldier  ? 
He  must  be  brave  and  obedient ;  he  must  not  serve 
for  pay,  or  for  a  pension,  or  to  get  honor  for  himself, 
or  in  order  to  be  promoted  to  a  higher  office.  He 
must  serve,  as  Washington  and  Grant  served,  simply 
for  the  sake  of  helping  his  country.  They  were  not 
soldiers  in  order  to  get  their  living  out  of  the  coun- 
try, but  because  the  country  needed  them.  They 
were  soldiers  for  the  sake  of  the  welfare  of  the 
people. 

The  country  needs  the  same  kind  of  men  for  its 
army  of  peace.  It  wants  obedient  and  faithful  men 
to  keep  its  accounts  and  to  carry  its  mails.  It  wants 
kind  and  courteous  men  in  its  offices,  who  will  do 
their  best  for  the  convenience  of  its  people.  It 
wants  fearless  and  upright  judges  who  will  do  no 
wrong.  It  wants  friendly  men  in  the  Indian  agencies, 
to  help  the  Indians  to  become  civilized.  It  wants 
men  of  courage  in  its  lighthouses  and  at  the  life- 
saving  stations.  Our  government  cannot  really 
bear  to  have  mean  and  selfish  men  anywhere,  but  it 
needs  men,  as  good  as  the  very  best  soldiers,  who  are 
in  its  service  for  the  sake  of  their  country. 

What  does  a  good  soldier  desire  more  than  any- 
thing else  ?  He  desires  that  the  cause  of  his  country 


The  Army  of  Peace.  189 

shall  succeed.  What  does  every  good  American  wish 
most  of  all  ?  He  wishes  that  his  work  may  make 
his  country  richer  and  happier.  He  wishes,  like 
Abraham  Lincoln,  to  leave  his  country  better  and 
nobler  for  his  having  served  her. 


CHAPTER   XXV. 

SUMMARY  I    THE    FLAG. 

LET  us  use  the  wings  of  our  imagination  and  take 
a  journey  all  the  way  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  Alaska.  We 
shall  see  our  flag  floating  over  schoolhouses  and 
government  buildings,  over  post-offices  and  custom- 
houses, over  forts  and  navy  yards.  We  shall  find  it 
on  all  the  holidays  above  many  a  house  and  store  and 
shop.  We  shall  see  the  little  flags  that  friends  on 
Memorial  Day  have  placed  on  the  graves  of  soldiers 
and  sailors. 

Let  us  now  cross  the  seas,  and  we  shall  still  find 
the  flag  in  many  a  distant  foreign  harbor.  It  will  be 
seen  in  the  great  cities  of  Europe  and  Asia,  showing 
where  American  ambassadors  and  consuls  and  other 
agents  of  our  government  may  be  found  by  their 
countrymen.  It  will  fly  over  grand  hotels  where 
American  travellers  are  staying.  It  will  be  seen 
upon  ships  and  steamers  as  men  sail  the  distant 
seas.  Wherever  we  see  it  a  warm  and  friendly 
feeling  thrills  our  hearts. 

What  does  the  flag  with  its  bright  colors  mean, 
that  millions  of  children  should  salute  it  in  their 

190 


Summary :   the   Flag. 


191 


schools,  and   that  grown  men  should   be  willing  to 
take  off  their  hats  in  its  presence  ? 


OUR    FLAG. 

How  many  different  flags  of  the  nations  do  you  know? 
Is  there  any  flag  more  beautiful  than  ours?  What  three 
flags  do  you  like  best? 


The  flag  means  the  union  of  all  our  people  through- 
out all  our  States  and  Territories.     Whereas  men  in 


192  The  Young  Citizen. 

different  nations  once  feared  and  fought  each  other, 
we  now  in  America  trust  and  help  one  another.  The 
men  of  the  South  and  the  men  of  the  North,  the  men 
of  the  East  and  the  men  of  the  West,  all  fly  the  same 
flag.  It  is  a  sign  that  we  are  one  people. 

What  does  the  flag  tell  us  as  often  as  we  see  it  ? 
It  tells  us  that  no  one  in  America  is  alone  or  friend- 
less. There  is  a  mighty  government  with  its  laws 
and  its  officers,  that  will  not  let  any  one  be  oppressed. 
Once  men  could  make  slaves  of  their  fellows.  No- 
where to-day  under  our  flag  can  any  man  be  enslaved. 
We  are  all  pledged  to  give  every  one  in  the  land 
justice  and  equal  liberty.  We  are  pledged  to  give  all 
children  a  chance  to  be  educated.  The  flag  is  the* 
sign  of  our  pledge  to  befriend  one  another. 

What  can  the  flag  do  for  us,  if  we  journey  abroad 
and  visit  foreign  lands  ?  It  tells  us  that  our  govern- 
ment will  watch  over  our  safety.  We  have  treaties 
with  other  peoples  promising  us  that  their  laws  and 
courts  and  police  and  soldiers  will  protect  us  equally 
with  their  own  people.  Once  strangers  were  liable 
to  abuse  wherever  they  travelled.  Now,  wherever  our 
flag  goes,  it  is  a  sign  that  our  government  will  never 
forget  us.  The  lonely  or  sick  American  sailor, 
stranded  in  Liverpool  or  Marseilles  or  Algiers,  can 
find  the  American  consul  and  get  help  to  return  to 
his  home.  Where  the  flag  flies  abroad,  American 
women  or  children  can  get  friendly  advice. 

The  flag  is  not  merely  a  sign  that  the  government 
will  help  and  protect  us  at  home  and  abroad.  It  is 


Summary:  the  Flag.  193 

also  a  call  and  a  command  to  every  one  of  us  to 
stand  by  the  government.  Suppose  every  citizen 
wanted  the  help  of  the  government  for  himself.  Sup- 
pose all  the  people  expected  the  government  to  pro- 
vide for  them.  This  would  be  as  if  every  one  in  a 
house  expected  to  be  waited  upon  by  the  others.  Who 
would  do  the  work  of  the  house,  if  every  one  thought 
only  of  what  the  others  ought  to  do  for  him  ? 

The  truth  is,  the  government  depends  upon  every 
one  of  us.  The  flag  tells  us 
not  of  a  pledge  that  some 
one  else  has  made,  but  a 
pledge  that  we  have  made 
ourselves.  When  we  look 
at  the  flag,  we  promise  anew 
that  we  will  stand  by  the 
common  country  ;  we  will  COLONIAL  FLAG,  i776. 

i  i    f    -.LI  £    i  We  have  as  many  stripes 

try  to  be  true  and  faithful       here  as  there  were  y 


Citizens.         We      promise      tO          How  many  stars  have  we  now 

in  our  flag  ? 

do  our  work  so  well  as  to 

make  the  whole  country  richer  and  happier  ;  we 
promise  to  live  such  useful  lives  that  the  next  gene- 
ration of  children  will  have  a  nobler  country  to  live 
in  than  we  have  had.  We  scorn,  when  we  see  the 
flag,  to  be  idle  and  mean,  or  false  and  dishonest. 
We  devote  ourselves  to  America  to  make  it  the 
happiest  land  that  the  sun  ever  shone  on. 

The  flag  tells  us  one  other  message.  It  has  been 
carried  over  fields  of  battle.  Men  have  shouted 
"  Victory  "  under  it.  But  it  is  not  a  flag  of  war. 


194  The  Young  Citizen. 

It  is  a  flag  of  peace.  It  does  not  mean  hate  to  any 
other  people.  It  is  a  sign  of  brotherhood  and  good- 
will to  all  nations.  Americans  purpose  to  conquer 
by  kindness,  by  justice,  by  simple  truthfulness. 
Good  Americans  are  pledged  to  make  the  world 
more  prosperous,  happier  and  better.  We  all  say 
therefore,  in  the  good  poet  Longfellow's  lines,  of  the 
noble  Union  over  which  our  flag  flies :  — 

Sail  on,  O  Ship  of  State  ! 
Sail  on,  O  Union,  strong  and  great  ! 
Humanity  with  all  its  fears, 
With  all  the  hopes  of  future  years, 
Is  hanging  breathless  on  thy  fate  ! 

Our  hearts,  our  hopes,  are  all  with  thee,  — 
Our  hearts,  our  hopes,  our  prayers,  our  tears, 
Our  faith  triumphant  o'er  our  fears, 
Are  all  with  thee,  —  are  all  with  thee ! 


LIBERTY   BELL. 


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Hyde'S  Practical  English  Grammar.       For   advanced  classes  in  grammar  schools 
and  for  high  schools.     50  cts. 

Hyde'S  Derivation  Of  Words.      With  exercises  on  prefixes,  suffixes,  and  stems.   10  cts. 

Mathews's  Outline  of  English  Grammar,  with  Selections  for  Practice. 

The  application  of  principles  is  made  through  composition  of  original  sentences.     70  cts. 

Penniman's  Common  Words  Difficult  to  Spell.     Graded  list  of  3500  common 

words.     20  cts. 


'S  PrOSe  Dictation  Exercises.       For  drill  in  spelling,  punctuation  and  use 
of  capitals.     25  cts. 

Phillips's  History  and  Literature  in  Grammar  Grades.     An  essay  showing 

the  intimate  relation  of  the  two  subjects.     15  cts. 


Progressive  Speller.       Gives  spelling,    pronunciation,  definition,  and  use  of 
words.     Vertical  script  is  given  for  script  lessons.     25  cts. 

Smith's  Studies  in  Nature,  and  Language  Lessons.     A  combination  of  object 

lessons  with  language  work.     50  cts.     Part  I  bound  separately,  25  cts. 

Spalding's  Problem  of  Elementary  Composition.     Practical  suggestions  for 

work  in  grammar  grades.     40  cts. 

See  alfo  our  lists  of  books  in  Higher  English,  English  Classics, 
Supplementary  Reading,  and  English  Literature. 

I),  C,  HEATH  &  CO.,Publishers,  Boston,  NewYork,  Chicago 


Supplementary    Reading 

A  Classified  List  for  all  Grades 

GRADE  I.    Bass's  The  Beginner's  Reader   .....  .15 

Badlam's  Primer  ........  .25 

Fuller's  Illustrated  Primer          ......  .25 

Griel's  Glimpses  of  Nature  for  Little  Folks     ....  .30 

Heart  of  Oak  Readers,  Book  I  .  .  .  .  .  .  .25 

GRADE  II.    Warren's  P'rom  September  to  June  with  Nature         .  .  .35 

Badlam's  First  Reader    .......  .30 

Bass's  Stories  of  Plant  Life        ......  .25 

Heart  of  Oak  Readers,  Book  I  .  .  .  .  .  .  .25 

Wright's  Nature  Readers,  No.  i  .....  .25 

GRADE  III.  Heart  of  Oak  Readers,  Book  II 35 

Wright's  Nature  Readers,  No.  2  .....  .35 

Miller's  My  Saturday  Bird  Class  .....  .25 

Firth's  Stories  of  Old  Greece     ......  .30 

Bass's  Stories  of  Animal  Life     ......  .35 

Spear's  Leaves  and  Flowers  ......  .25 

GRADE  IV.   Grinnell's  Our  Feathered  Friends        ....  .30 

Heart  of  Oak  Readers,  Book  III  .....  .45 

Kupfer's  Stories  of  Long  Ago  .  .  .  .  .  .35 

Wright's  Nature  Readers,  No.  3  .....  .50 

GRADE  V.   Bull's  Fridtjof  Nansen  ...  .30 

Grinnell's  Our  Feathered  Friends          .....  .30 

Heart  of  Oak  Readers,  Book  III  .....  .45 

Wright's  Nature  Readers,  No.  3  .  .  .  .  .  .50 

Kupfer's  Stories  of  Long  Ago  ......  .35 

GRADE  VI.   Starr's  American  Indians         .....  .45 

Bull's  Fridtjof  Nansen    .......  .30 

Heart  of  Oak  Readers,  Book  IV  .....  .55 

Wright's  Nature  Readers,  No.  4  .....  .60 

GRADE  VII.   Starr's  American  Indians       .....  .45 

Penniman's  School  Poetry  Book  ....  .30 

Heart  of  Oak  Readers,  Book  IV  .....  .55 

Wright's  Nature  Readers,  No.  4  .....  .60 

Dole's  The  American  Citizen  .....  .90 

GRADES  VIII  and IX.  Heart  of  Oak  Readers,  Book  V  .  .  .  .65 

Heart  of  Oak  Readers,  Book  VI 75 

Dole's  The  American  Citizen  .  .....  .90 

Shaler's  First  Book  in  Geology  (boards)          ....  .60 

Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield  .....  .50 

Addison's  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  .....  .40 

Descriptive  circulars  sent  free  on  request. 

D.  C.  HEATH  &  CO,,Publishers,  Boston,  NewYork,  Chicago 


Heath's  English  Classics. 


Addison's  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  Papers.  Edited,  with  introduction  and  notes,  by  W.  H. 
HUDSON,  Professor  of  English  Literature  in  the  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University. 
Cloth.  232  pages.  Nine  full-page  illustrations  and  two  maps.  40  cts. 

Burke's  Speech  on  Conciliation  with  America.  With  introduction  and  notes  by  ANDREW 
J.  GEORGE,  Master  in  the  Newton  (Mass.)  High  School.  Boards.  119  pages.  25  cts. 

Carlyle'S  Essay  on  Burns.  Edited,  with  introduction  and  notes,  by  ANDREW  J.  GEORGE. 
Cloth.  159  pages.  Illustrated.  30  cts. 

Coleridge's  Rime  of  the  Ancient  Mariner.  Edited  by  ANDREW  J.  GEORGE.  The  text  of 
1817,  together  with  facsimile  of  the  original  text  of  1798.  Cloth.  150  pages.  Illustrated' 

30  cts. 

Cooper's  Last  of  the  Mohicans.  Edited  by  J.  G.  WIGHT,  Principal  Girls'  High  School, 
New  York  City.  With  maps  and  illustrations.  In  preparation. 

DeQuincey' 8  Flight  Of  a  Tartar  Tribe.  Edited,  with  introduction  and  notes,  by  G.  A. 
WAUCHOPE,  Professor  of  English  Literature  in  the  University  of  South  Carolina. 
Cloth.  112  pages.  30  cts. 

Dryden's  Palamon  and  Arcite.  Edited,  with  notes  and  critical  suggestions,  by  WILLIAM 
H.  CRAWSHAW,  Professor  of  English  Literature  in  Colgate  University.  Cloth.  158 
pages.  Illustrated.  30  cts. 

George  Eliot's  Silas  Marner.  Edited,  with  introduction  and  notes,  by  G.  A.  WAUCHOPE, 
Professor  of  English  Literature  in  the  University  of  South  Carolina.  Cloth,  ooo  pages, 
oo  cts. 

Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield.  With  introduction  and  notes  by  WILLIAM  HENRY  HUD- 
SON.  Cloth.  300  pages.  Seventeen  full-page  illustrations.  50  cts. 

Ma caulay's  Essay  on  Milton.  Edited  by  ALBERT  PERRY  WALKER,  editor  of  Milton's 
"  Paradise  Lost,"  Master  in  the  English  High  School,  Boston.  Ready  soon. 

Macaulay 's  Essay  on  Addison.      Edited  by  ALBERT  PERRY  WALKER.     Ready  soon. 

Milton's  Paradise  Lost.  Books  I  and  II.  With  selections  from  the  later  books,  with  in- 
troduction, suggestions  for  study,  and  glossary  by  ALBERT  PERRY  WALKER.  Cloth. 
288  pages.  Illustrated.  45  cts. 

Milton's  Minor  Poems.  Lycidas,  Comus,  L'Allegro,  II  Penseroso,  etc,  edited,  with 
introduction  and  suggestions  for  study,  by  ALBERT  PERRY  WALKER.  Cloth,  ooo 
pages.  Illustrated,  oo  cts. 

Pope's  Translation  of  the  Iliad.  Books  I,  VI,  XXII,  and  XXIV.  Edited,  with  intro- 
duction and  notes,  by  PAUL  SHOREY,  Professor  in  the  University  of  Chicago.  In  prepar- 
ation . 

Scott's  IvanhOC.      In  preparation. 

Shakespeare's  Macbeth.  Edited  by  EDMUND  K.  CHAMBERS,  lately  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford.  In  the  Arden  Shakespeare  series.  Cloth.  188  pages.  40  cts. 

Shakespeare's  Merchant  Of  Venice.  Edited  by  H.  L.  WITHERS.  In  the  Arden  Shake- 
speare series.  Cloth.  178  pages.  40  els. 

Tennyson's  Enoch  Arden  and  the  two  Lock sley  Halls.  Edited,  with  introduction  and 
notes,  by  CALVIN  S.  BROWN,  Professor  in  the  University  of  Colorado.  Cloth.  168  pages. 
35  cts- 

Tennyson's  The  Princess.  With  introduction  and  notes  by  ANDREW  J.  GEORGE,  Master 
in  the  Newton  (Mass.)  High  School.  Cloth.  236  pages.  Illustrated.  40  cts. 

Webster's  First  Bunker  Hill  Oration.  With  introduction  and  notes  by  ANDREW  J. 
GEORGE.  Boards.  55  pages.  20  cts. 

See  also  our  lists  of  books  in  English  Literature  and  Higher  English. 

D.C.  HEATH  &  CO.,Publishers,  Boston,  New  York,  Chicago, 


Elementary  Science. 


Austin's  Observation  Blanks  in  Mineralogy.     Detailed  studies  of  35  minerals. 

Boards.    88  pages.     30  cts. 

Bailey's  Grammar  SchOOl  Physics.  A  series  of  inductive  lessons  in  the  elements 
of  the  science.  Illustrated.  60  cts. 

Ballard's  The  World  Of  Matter.  A  guide  to  the  study  of  chemistry  and  mineralogy; 
adapted  to  the  general  reader,  for  use  as  a  text-book  or  as  a  guide  to  the  teacher  in  givmg 
object-lessons.  264  pages.  Illustrated.  $1.00. 

Clark's  Practical  Methods  in  MicrOSCOpy.  Gives  in  detail  descriptions  of  methods 
that  will  lead  the  careful  worker  to  successful  results.  233  pages.  Illustrated.  $1.60. 

Clarke's  Astronomical  Lantern.  Intended  to  familiarize  students  with  the  constella- 
tions by  comparing  them  with  fac-similes  on  the  lantern  face.  With  seventeen  slides, 
giving  twenty-two  constellations.  $4  50. 

Clarke'3  HOW  tO  find  the  Stars.  Accompanies  the  above  and  helps  to  an  acquaintance 
with  the  constellations.  47  pages.  Paper.  15  cts. 

Guides  for  Science  Teaching.  Teachers'  aids  in  the  instruction  of  Natural  History 
classes  in  the  lower  grades. 

I.     Hyatt's  About  Pebbles.     26  pages.     Paper.     10  cts. 
II.     Goodale's  A  Few  Common  Plants.     6 1  pages.     Paper.     20  cts. 

III.  Hyatt's  Commercial  and  other  Sponges.    Illustrated.    43  pages.  Paper.    20  cts. 

IV.  Agassiz's  First  Lessons  in  Natural  History.     Illustrated.     64  pages.     Paper. 

25  cts. 

V.     Hyatt's  Corals  and  Echinoderms.     Illustrated.     32  pages.    Paper.     30  cts. 
VI.     Hyatt's  Mollusca.     Illustrated.     65  pages.     Paper.     30  cts. 
VII.     Hyatt's  Worms  and  Crustacea.     Illustrated.     68  pages.     Paper.     30  cts. 
VIII.     Hyatt's  Insecta.     Illustrated.     324  pages.     Cloth.     $1.25. 
XII.     Crosby's  Common  Minerals  and  Rocks.     Illustrated.    200  pages.     Paper,  40 
cts.     Cloth,  60  cts. 

XIII.  Richard's  First  Lessons  in  Minerals.     50  pages.     Paper.     10  cts. 

XIV.  Bowditch's  Physiology.     58  pages.     Paper.     20  cts. 

XV.     Clapp's  36  Observation  Lessons  in  Minerals.     80  pages.     Paper.     30  cts. 
XVI.     Phenix's  Lessons  in  Chemistry.     20  cts. 
Pupils'  Note-Book  to  accompany  No.  15.     10  cts. 

Rice's  Science  Teaching  in  the  SchOOl.  With  a  course  of  instruction  in  science 
for  the  lower  grades.  46  pag  s.  Paper.  25  cts. 

Ricks'S  Natural  History  Object  LeSSOnS.  Supplies  information  on  plants  and 
their  products,  on  animals  and  their  uses,  and  gives  specimen  lessons.  Fully  illustrated 
332  pages.  #1.50. 

Ricks 's  Object  Lessons  and  How  to  Give  them. 

Volume  I.     Gives  lessons  for  primary  grades.     200  pages.     90  cts. 

Volume  II.  Gives  lessons  for  grammar  and  intermediate  grades.  212  pages.     90  cts. 

Shaler's  First  Book  in  Geology.  For  high  school,  or  highest  class  in  grammar  school 
272  pages.  Illustrated.  $1.00. 

Shaler's  Teacher's  Methods  in  Geology.  An  aid  to  the  teacher  of  Geology. 
74  pages.  Paper.  25  cts. 

Smith's  Studies  in  Nature.  A  combination  of  natural  history  lessons  and  language 
work.  48  pages.  Paper.  15  cts. 

See  also  our  list  of  books  in  Science. 

D.  C.  HEATH  &CO.,Publishers,Boston,  New  York,  Chicago 


Science. 


Ballard'S  World  of  Matter.     A  guide  to  mineralogy  and  chemistry.     $1.00. 
Benton's  Guide  to  General  Chemistry.     A  manual  for  the  laboratory.     35  cts. 

Boy er's  Laboratory  Manual  in  Biology.  An  elementary  guide  to  the  laboratory  study 
of  animals  and  plants.  80  cts. 

Chute's  Physical  Laboratory  Manual.  A  well-baJanced  course  in  laboratory  physics,  re- 
quiring inexpensive  apparatus.  Illustrated.  80  cts. 

Chute's  Practical  Physics.    For  high  schools  and  colleges.    $1.12. 

Clark's  Methods  in  Microscopy.  This  book  gives  in  detail  descriptions  of  methods  that 
will  lead  any  careful  worker  to  successful  results  in  microscopic  manipulation.  $1.60. 

Coif  8  Chemical  Arithmetic.     With  a  short  system  of  analysis,     sects. 

Colton's  Physiology.  Experimental  and  descriptive.  For  high  schools  and  colleges.  Illus- 
trated. $1.12. 

Colton's  Physiology,  Briefer  Course.  For  earlier  years  in  high  schools.  Illustrated,  oo  cts. 

Colton's  Practical  Zoology.  Gives  a  clear  idea  of  the  subject  as  a  whole  by  the  careful 
study  of  a  few  typical  animals.  80  cts. 

Grabfleld  and  Burns's  Chemical  Problems.    For  review  and  drill.    Paper.    25  cts. 
Hyatt's  Insecta.    Illustrated.    $1.25. 

Orndorff's  Laboratory  Manual.  Contains  directions  for  a  course  of  experiments  in 
Organic  Chemistry,  arranged  to  accompany  Remsen's  Chemistry.  Boards.  35  cts. 

Remsen's  Organic  Chemistry.  An  introduction  to  the  study  of  the  compounds  of  carbon. 
For  students  of  the  pure  science,  or  its  application  to  arts.  $1.20. 

Roberts' S  Stereo-Chemistry.     Its  development  and  present  aspects.     $1.00 
Sanford's  Experimental  Psychology.     Parti.     Sensation  and  Perception.     $1.50. 

Shaler's  First  Book  in  Geology.  For  high  school,  or  highest  class  in  grammai  school 
$1.00.  Bound  in  boards  for  supplementary  reader.  60  cts. 

Shepard's  Inorganic  Chemistry.  Descriptive  and  qualitative;  experimental  and  induc- 
tive; leads  the  student  to  observe  and  think.  For  high  schools  and  colleges.  $1.12. 

Shepard's  Briefer  Course  in  Chemistry,  with  chapter  on  Organic  Chemistry.  For  schools 
giving  a  half  year  or  less  to  the  subject,  and  schools  limited  in  laboratory  facilities.  80  cts. 

Shepard's  Laboratory  Note-Book.  Blanks  for  experiments;  tables  for  the  reactions  of 
metallic  salts.  Can  be  used  with  any  chemistry.  Boards.  35  cts. 

Spalding's  Introduction  to  Botany.  Practical  exercises  in  the  study  of  plants  by  the 
laboratory  method.  80  cts. 

Stevens' S  Chemistry  Note-Book.  Laboratory  sheets  and  cover,  with  separate  cover  for 
permanent  file.  50  cts. 

Venable's  Short  History  of  Chemistry.    $1.00. 

Whiting's  Physical  Measurement.  I.  Fifty  measurements  in  Density,  Heat,  Light,  and 
Sound.  II.  Fifty  measurements  in  Sound,  Dynamics,  Magnetism,  Electricity.  Ill, 
Principles  and  Methods  of  Physical  Measurement,  Physical  Laws  and  Principles,  and 
Mathematical  and  Physical  Tables.  IV.  Appendix.  Parts  I-IV,  in  one  vol.,  $4.00. 

Whiting's  Mathematical  and  Physical  Tables.    Paper,    sects. 
Williams'?  Modern  Petrography.    Paper.    25  cts. 

For  elementary  works  see  our  list  of 
books  in  Elementary  Science. 

D.C.HEATH  fcf  CO.,  Publishers,  Boston,  New  York,  Chicago. 


THE  HEART  OF  OAK  BOOKS 


A  Series  of  Reading  Books  for  Home  and  School  ;  Edited 
by  Professor  Charles  Eliot  Norton,  of  Harvard  University 


Book  I  Rhymes  and  Jingles.    100  pages    .        .       .  25  cts. 

Book  II  Fablen  and  Nursery  Tales.    142  pages           .  35  cts. 

Book  III  Fairy  Stories  and  Classic  Tales.     265  pages  45  cts. 

Book  IV  Masterpieces  of  Literature.    303  pages         .  55  cts. 

Book  V  Masterpieces  of  Literature.    359  pages         .  65  cts. 

Book  VI  Masterpieces  of  Literature.    367  pages         .  75  cts- 


NOTE 

By  referring  to  the  tables  of  contents  the  reader  will  discover  that  the  Heart  of  Oak  Books 
contain  an  unusual  number  of  prose  extracts  of  considerable  length,  to  which  justice  can- 
not well  be  done  in  a  small  number  of  selections  like  this.     Attention  is  called  to  some  of  the 
more  note woi  thy  of  these  : 
Book  II.       "Sindbad  the   Sailor"    (56  pages).     "The   Death  of  Cassar,"  from  North's 

Plutarch  (12   pages).     "The  Stories  of  Wallace  and  Bruce,"  from  Scott's  Tales  of  a 

Grandfather  (77  pages). 

Book  III.     "  The  Adventures  of  Ulysses,"  Charles  Lamb  (118  pages). 
Book  V.      "  Story  of  Argalus  and  Partheneia,"  Sir  Philip  Sidney  (17  pages.)    «'  Of  Poets 

and  Poetry,"  ibid,  (n  pages).    "  Recollections  of  Christ's  Hospital,"  Lamb  (15  pages). 
Book  VI.     Carlyle's   "  Boswell's   Life  of  Johnson  "   (23  pages).     Carlyle's  "  Burns  "  (22 

pages),  and  "Scott"  (27  pages).     Hawthorne's  "  Custom  House  "  from  the  Scarlei 

Letter  (25  pages). 


D.  C.  HEATH  &  CO.,  Publishers, 

BOSTON     NEW  YORK     CHICAGO 


English    Literature. 


The  Arden  Shakespeare.  The  plays  in  their  literary  aspect,  each  with  introduction,  intek 
pretative  notes,  glossary,  and  essay  on  metre.  40  cts. 

Burke 's  American  Orations.     (A.  J.  GEORGE.)     Five  complete  selections.     50  cts. 

Burns'S  Select  Poems.  (A.  J.  GEORGE.)  118  poems  chronologically  arranged,  with  intro- 
duction, notes  and  glossary.  Illustrated.  75  cts. 

Coleridge's  Principles  Of  Criticism.  (A.  J.  GEORGE.)  From  the  Biographia  Literaria. 
With  portrait.  60  cts. 

Cook's  Judith.  With  introduction,  translation,  and  glossary.  Cloth.  170  pages  $1.00. 
Student' s  Edition,  without  translation.  Paper.  104  pages.  30  cts. 

Cook's  The  Bible  and  English  Prose  Style.    40  cts. 

Corson's  Introduction  to  Browning.  A  guide  to  the  study  of  Browning's  poetry.  Also 
has  33  poems  with  notes.  With  portrait  of  Browning.  Ji.oo. 

Corson's  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Shakespeare.  A  critical  study  of  Shakespeare's 
art,  with  comments  on  nine  plays,  jfi.oo. 

Davidson's  Prolegomena  to  Tennyson's  In  Memoriam.  A  critical  analysis,  with  an  index 
of  the  poem.  50  cts. 

DeQuincey's  Confessions  of  an  Opium  Eater.    (G.  A.  WAUCHOPE.)     A  complete  and 

scholarly  edition.     50  cts. 

Hall's  Beowulf.     A  metrical  translation.     75  cts.     Student's  edition,  30  cts. 

Hawthorne  and  Lemmon's  American  Literature.     Contains  sketches,  characterizations, 

and  selections.     Illustrated  with  portraits.     $1.12. 

Hodgkins'S  Nineteenth  Century  Authors.  Gives  full  list  of  aids  for  library  study  of  26 
authors.  A  separate  pamphlet  on  each  author.  Price,  5  cts.  each,  or  $3.00  per  hun- 
dred. Complete  in  cloth.  60  cts. 

Meiklejohn's  History  of  English  Language  and  Literature.  For  high  schools  and 
colleges.  A  compact  and  reliable  statement  of  the  essentials.  80  cts. 

Moulton's  Four  Years  of  Novel-Reading.    A  reader's  guide.     50  cts. 

Moulton's  Literary  Study  of  the  Bible.  An  account  of  the  leading  forms  of  literature 
represented,  without  reference  to  theological  matters.  $2.00. 

Plumptre's  Translation  Of  Aeschylus.     With  biography  and  appendix,     jfi.oo. 
Plump tre'S  Translation  of  Sophocles.     With  biography  and  appendix,     jjii.oo. 

Shelley's  Prometheus  Unbound.  (VIDA  D.  SCUDDER.)  With  introduction  and  notes 
60  cts. 

Simonds's  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  English  Fiction.  With  illustrative  selections. 
80  cts.  Briefer  Edition,  without  illustrative  selections.  Boards.  30  cts. 

Simonds's  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  and  his  Poems.  With  biography,  and  critical  analysis  of 
his  poems.  50  cts. 

Webster's  Speeches.     (A.J.GEORGE.)     Nine  select  speeches  with  notes.     75  cts. 

Wordsworth's  Prefaces  and  Essays  on  Poetry.  (A.  J.  GEORGE.)  Contains  the  best  of 
Wordsworth's  prose.  50  cts. 

Wordsworth's  Prelude.  (A.J.GEORGE.)  Annotated  for  high  schools  and  colleges.  Never 
before  published  alone.  75  cts. 

Selections  from  Wordsworth.  (A.  J.  GEORGE.)  168  poems  chosen  with  a  view  to  illus- 
trate the  growth  of  the  poet's  mind  and  art.  75  cts. 

See  also  our  list  of  books  in  Higher  English  and  English  Classics. 

D.  C.  HEATH  &  CO.,  Publishers, Boston,  NewYork,  Chicago 


MUSIC. 


Whiting's  Public  SchOOl  Music  Course.  Six  books,  forming  a  complete  course  for 
each  class  from  primary  to  highest  grammar  grades.  Books  Nos.  i  to  5,  Bds.,  each  30 
cts.  Book  No.  6.  Boards.  6*  cts. 

Whiting's  Sixth  Music  Reader,  Girls'  Edition.  Designed  for  use  in  the  last  two  years 
of  tne  grammar  school,  girls'  high  schools,  young  ladies'  seminaries,  and  colleges.  60  c*s. 

Whiting's  Part-Song  and  Chorus  Book.  For  high  and  other  schools.  Vocal  exer- 
cises; solfeggios;  three-  and  four-part  songs  (for  mixed  and  female  voices);  sacred 
choruses,  etc.  Boards.  $1.10. 

Whiting's  Young  Folk's  Song-BOOk.  A  text-book  for  ungraded  schools.  Boards. 
40  cts. 

Whiting's  Complete  Music  Reader.  A  complete  course  for  high  school,  academies, 
etc.  Boards.  85  cts. 

Whiting's  Music  Charts.  First  Series,  30  charts,  bound,  $6.00.  Second  Series,  14 
charts,  bound,  $3.00.  (Easel  for  Music  Charts,  $1.50.) 

Whittlesey  and  Jamieson's  Harmony  in  Praise.     A  collection  of  Hymns  with 

responsive  Biblical  selections,  for  college  and  school  chapel  exercises  and  for  families. 
85  cts. 

Hart's  SchOOl  Manual  Of  Classic  Music.  Contains  portraits,  sketches  of  the 
lives,  and  characteristic  selections  from  the  great  masters.  Boards.  212  pages.  $1.15. 

Pray's  Motion  SongS.  Contains  sixty  pleasing  songs,  with  gestures  indicated.  Boards. 
Illustrated.  45  cts. 

Supplementary  Music  for  Public  SchOOlS.  Eight  pp.  numbers,  3  cts.  Twelve 
pp.  numbers,  4  cts.  Sixteen  pp.  numbers,  5  cts.  Send  for  complete  list.  New  numbers 
are  constantly  being  added. 

Wilson's  Infant  School  Drill.  Exercises,  with  music,  for  the  healthy  development 
of  the  body.  32  pages.  Square  8vo.  Illustrated.  Limp  cloth.  25  cts. 

Sent  by  mail,  postpaid,  on  receipt  of  price. 


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DRAWING  AND  MANUAL  TRAINING. 


Anthony's  Mechanical  Drawing.    9s  pages  of  text,  and  32  folding  plates.    $1.50. 

Anthony's  Machine  Drawing.      50  pages  of  text,  and  15  folding  plates.    $1.25. 

Daniels'  Freehand  Lettering.    34  pages  of  text,  and  13  folding  plates.   85  cts. 
Lunt's  Brushwork  for  Kindergarten  and  Primary  School.     18  lesson-cards 

in  colors,  with  teacher's  pamphlet,  in  envelope.     30  cts. 

Johnson's  Progressive  Lessons  in  Needlework.    Explains  needlework  from  its 

rudiments  and  gives  with  illustrations  full  directions  for  work  during  six  grades.     117 
pages.     Square  8vo.     Cloth,  $1.00.     Boards,  60  cts. 

Seidel's  Industrial  Instruction  (Smith).  A  refutation  of  all  objections  raised  against 
industrial  instruction.  170  pages.  90  cts. 

Thompson's  Educational  and  Industrial  Drawing. 

Primary  Free-Hand  Series  (Nos.  1-4).     Each  No.,  per  doz.,  $1.00. 
Primary  Free-Hand  Manual.     114  pages.     Paper.     40  cts. 
Advanced  Free-Hand  Series  (Nos.  5-8).     Each  No.,  per  doz.,  $1.50. 
Model  and  Object  Series  (Nos.  1-3).     Each  No.,  per  doz.,  $1.75. 
Model  and  Object  Manual.     84  pages.     Paper.     35  cts. 
Esthetic  Series  (Nos.  1-6).     Each  No.,  per  doz.,  $1.50. 
./Esthetic  Manual.     174  pages.     Paper.     60  cts. 
Mechanical  Series  (Nos.  1-6).     Each  No.,  per  doz.,  £2.00. 
Mechanical  Manual.     172  pages.     Paper.     75  cts. 

Thompson's  Manual  Training,  NO.  I.  Treats  of  Clay  Modelling,  Stick  and 
Tablet  Laying,  Paper  Folding  and  Cutting,  Color,  and  Construction  of  Geometrical 
Solids.  Illustrated.  66  pages.  Large  8vo.  Paper.  30  cts. 

Thompson's  Manual  Training,  NO.  2.  Treats  of  Mechanical  Drawing,  Clay. 
Modelling  in  Relief,  Color,  Wood  Carving,  Paper  Cutting  and  Pasting.  Illustrated. 
70  pp.  Large  8vo.  Paper.  30  cts. 

Waldo's  Descriptive  Geometry.  A  large  number  of  problems  systematically  ar- 
ranged, with  suggestions.  85  pages.  90  cts. 

Whitaker's  HOW  to  Use  Wood  Working  Tools.  Lessons  in  the  uses  of  the 
universal  tools :  the  hammer,  knife,  plane,  rule,  chalk-line,  square,  gauge,  chisel,  saw, 
and  auger.  104  pages.  60  cts. 

Woodward's  Manual  Training  SchOOl.  Its  aims,  methods,  and  results;  with 
detailed  courses  of  instruction  in  shop-work.  Fully  illustrated.  374  pages.  Octavo.  $2.00. 

Sent  postpaid  by  mail  on  receipt  of  price. 


D.    C.    HEATH    &    CO.,    PUBLISHERS, 

BOSTON.        NEW  YORK.        CHICAGO. 


THE  NATURAL  SYSTErt  OF 

Vertical  Writing 

By  A.  F.  NEWLANDS  and  R.  K.  ROW.  Six  3ooks.    Per  doz.,  75  cts. 


Some  of  the  special  merits  of  our  system  are  :  — 
Practicability.     It  is  the  outgrowth  of  nearly  five  years'  experi- 
ence in  vertical  writing  vith  thousands  of  pupils  of  all  school  ages. 
The  authors  of  other  series  have  not  had  this  experience. 

Strength.  The  books  are  in  marked  contrast  to  most  of  the 
systems  recently  published,  which  are  efforts  to  adapt  the  sloping 
hand  to  the  upright  position. 

Harmony.  This  system  has  been  carefully  worked  out  with  a 
central  idea  as  to  form  and  movement. 

Ease.  Our  round  vertical  script  can  be  easily  written.  En- 
gravers often  produce  graceful  forms  and  combinations,  but  such  as 
one  cannot  reproduce  easily  with  the  pen.  Every  form  Lnd  combina- 
tion in  our  system  has  been  thoroughly  tested  to 'avoid  such  difficulties. 

Rapidity.  Many  of  the  letter-forms  at  first  considered  because 
they  were  artistic  and  graceful,  after  having  been  put  to  the  test  were 
discarded  because  they  did  not  permit  rapid  execution. 

Educative.  The  copies  in  the  primary  numbers  are  large  and 
are  illustrated  with  tasty  outline  drawings,  stimulating  interest  in  the 
writing  and  correlating  reading,  number,  nature  study,  and  spelling 
with  the  special  writing  lesson .  So  far  as  practicable  the  correlation 
of  studies  has  been  carried  throughout  the  series.  The  size  of  the 
letter  forms  is  gradually  reduced  in  the  first  four  numbers. 

Economy.  Such  facilities  have  been  secured  for  their  manufac- 
ture, that  books  of  the  very  best  quality  will  be  furnished  at  the  very 
lowest  prices. 

Descriptive  circular  and  sample  copies  sent  on  request. 

D.  C.  HEATH  &  CO.,  Publishers 

BOSTON      NEW  YORK  ^*  gl^^QQ      LONDON 

W  THB 


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